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Impact of Textile Effluents on Pistia Stratiotes L. and Ludwigia Adscendens L. Using Hydroponic Culture

Halima Momtaz
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka -1342

A. K. M. Rashidul Alam
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka -1342

M. Shahidul Islam
Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka and

Sirajul Haque
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The study was carried out to assess the impacts of textile effluents on aquatic plants by using hydroponic culture. Effluent water of three textile industries and effluent free water were collected from Savar region. The higher contents of pH (10.47), total suspended solids (1407.33 mg/L), total dissolved solids (19014 mg/L) and biochemical oxygen demand (735 mg/L) were recorded in industrial effluents comparing with control. The lowest content of DO in industrial effluents (0.87 mg/L) was much lower than the control (5.65 mg/L). Hydroponic test showed that 100, 75, 50, 25 and 1% textile effluents caused the death of Pistia stratiotes L. and Ludwigia adscendens L. within 1-4, 2- 6, 3-9, 5-12 and 14-17 days, respectively. When P. stratiotes was grown in 100% effluent water its concentrations of Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were 8.00, 1.4375, 189.06, 1843.1, 5.075 and 261.87 ppm, respectively and the test species died within 1 - 3 days. When L. adscendens was grown in 100% effluent water, its concentrations of Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were 7.25, 0.975, 312.87, 1621.2, 5.0125 and 138.75 ppm, respectively and the test species died within 2-4 days. The uptake of heavy metals increased with raising effluent concentration comparing with control culture. The uptake of Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were significantly higher at 50%, 75% and 100% (p = 0.01** at 1% level of significance) effluent which caused the death of both test species.

Keywords: Textile effluents, Pistia stratiotes L., Ludwigia adscendens L., Hydroponic culture.

Location: Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Non-commodity: Impact

Objectives:

The present study was performed to investigate the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal content of textile effluents, the growth performance of aquatic macrophytes in hydroponic culture and the determination of the concentration of heavy metals in test plant species after hydroponic culture.

Methodology:

Sample collection: The wastewater samples were collected from the point source of the three textile industries namely two in Ulail, Savar, (S-1, S-2) and the remaining in DEPZ (Dhaka Export Processing Zone) (S-3). To have a representative sample, 4 L of water sample was collected from each site. For comparison, one control sample (S-4) was collected from the wetland of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar that does not receive any industrial discharge. For hydroponic culture Ludwigia adscendens L. and Pistia stratiotes L. were taken as test species. Sample analysis: The parameters regarding water quality monitoring were analyzed by different standard methods. Turbidity of textile wastewater was measured by turbidity meter (Hi C-114); total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) by gravimetric method (Kannan, 1997). Dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined by DO meter (Hi 9143) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) was measured by Winkler method (De, 1996). Water pH, total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P) and total potassium (K) of textile wastewater were determined by Griffin pH meter model, Micro- Kjeldahl's distillation method (Jackson, 1973), Chemita visible spectrophotometer at 882 nm wave length (Murphy and Then the determination of heavy metals like zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel and chromium (Cr) in water and plant samples were performed by Atomic Absorption Flame Emission Spectrophotometer (AA-6401F, SHIMADZU) and Fast Sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AA240FS, VARIAN). Growth test in hydroponic culture: Hydroponics is the process whereby plants are cultivated in nutrient solution without soil. It is also known as 'hydroponic culture' or 'soil less culture'. It has been used to determine toxic effects of effluent on growth rate of plants (Walsh et al., 1991). Procedure: In the hydroponic system, the tests were conducted in 250 ml conical flask. For this purpose effluent from three textile industries and two plant species, L. adscendens L. and P. stratiotes L. were selected. In this test, the plants were grown in different percentage (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of textile effluents. The growth test using test species was also conducted with effluent free water from control site. Three replications were taken for both 'treated' (with effluent water) and 'control'. The flask was wrapped with aluminum foil to prevent photodecomposition of toxicants and growth of algae. During experimental period phenotypic impacts on test species were recorded everyday. After tests, heavy metal concentrations in both test plant species were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Statistical Analysis: The uptake of heavy metals by test plant species grown in different percentage of effluents were compared with the control culture by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows. Values were expressed as Mean ± SEM (Standard Error of the Mean). Unpaired "t" tests were done as the test of significance. p < 0.01 was considered as the minimal level of statistical significance (Daniel, 1999).

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1), 9-16, 2010

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In Bangladesh the rapid industrial development have significant impact on aquatic ecosystem. The reported pH (9.75- 11.32) and BOD5 (580-890 mg/L) were very high in textile industrial effluent than that of the control. DO values also varied from 0.87 to 2.15 mg/L in textile industrial effluents that were lower than the control (5.65 mg/L). Aquatic hydrophytes hardly survive in such type of conditions. Hydroponic test showed that 100, 75, 50, 25 and 1% textile effluent affected the growth of P. stratiotes and L. adscendens within 1-4, 2-6, 3-9, 5-12 and 14-17 days, respectively. Heavy metals uptake by L. adscendens L. and P. stratiotes L. increased with increasing the percentage of effluent compared with the control culture. Inspite of the content of heavy metals in effluent water was within the permissible limit of the Department of Environment (DoE) of Bangladesh, hyper-accumulation of heavy metals might cause the death of the test aquatic species. Further experiment should be conducted to determine heavy metals content of soil of nearby aquatic ecosystem of textile industries and to assess their effects on the growth of rooted attached aquatic plants.

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