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Epidemiological Studies on Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Goats in Northern Regions of Bangladesh

M. I. A. Begum
Associate Professor
Dept. of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

M. S. Hossain
Professor
Dept. of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

M. Ershaduzzaman
Senior Scientific Officer
Goat and Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. S. Alam
Scientific Officer
Goat and Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A cross sectional study was carried out from June, 2008 to December, 2010 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to determine the responsible bacterial pathogens in lactating dairy goats in northern districts of Bangladesh. A total of 292 goats and 584 udder halves milk samples were screened using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was 56.2% (164/292), and in udder half level it was 33.9% (198/584). The subclinical mastitis prevalence at goat level was high (71.6%) in Jamnapari goats as compared to Black Bengal goats (50.2%), whereas at the udder half level, subclinical mastitis prevalence was 45.1% and 29.6% in Jamnapari and Black Bengal goats, respectively. The pathogens isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were coagulase negative Staphylococci, Coliforms, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Among these, the most frequent isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococci (28.8%), Coliforms (22.7%) and Streptococcus spp (15.2%). Out of four potential host related risk factors considered, litter size and body condition of goats were found to influence the prevalence rate of subclinical mastitis in goat significantly (p<0.05). On the other hand, the subclinical mastitis was very significantly (p=0.0001) associated with the housing system of goats, i.e., goats reared in raised floor had a low subclinical mastitis infection rate (35.8%) as compared to reared in earth floor (62.2%). Antibiogram studies were also performed for the bacterial isolates and Gentamicin was found to be the most effective drug.

Keywords: Antibiogram, California mastitis test (CMT), Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factors

Location: Rajshahi and Rangpur division of Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-06-2008

End Date: 00-12-2010

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Goat

Objectives:

1. To estimate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in apparently healthy dairy goats,

2. To elucidate the associated risk factors

3. To find out the most frequently causative agents causing IMI,

4. To do antibiogram of the major bacterial pathogens from milk samples of mastitic goats.

Methodology:

Field survey for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was done at all the northern districts (both Rajshahi and Rangpur division) of Bangladesh. All the laboratory investigations were conducted at the Molecular Biology Laboratory of Institute of Biological sciences, Universitity of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The study was conducted for the three years period of from June, 2008 to December, 2010. This was a cross-sectional study whereby study animals were selected randomly and inclusion criteria were that all apparently healthy lactating dairy goats were eligible for the study. The study was conducted on 292 dairy goats belonging to private and house hold goat farms in all districts of Rajshahi and Rangpur division of Bangladesh. Of all 292 dairy goats, Black Bengal goats and high yielding Jamnapari goats were included, as 211 Black Bengal goats and 81 Jamnapari goats. The data were collected in a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose. The questionnaire was pre-tested prior to their final use. The questionnaire was administered to the participating farmers, who answered questions about farm management and animal husbandry practices including host and environmental factors influencing the incidence of mastitis. Immediately after collection, milk samples were subjected to physical examination with naked eyes to detect any abnormalities in color, odor, consistency, presence of blood and clot, flakes and any other visible abnormalities. Milk sample was collected from 198 udder halves of goat. Before collection of sample each teat was thoroughly disinfected with cotton swabs and 70% alcohol. Special attention was paid to the teat ends. Sterile sample tubes which had been color-coded per –udder half were used. After disinfection, a few ml of milk from each udder half were milked into the corresponding sample tubes. Care was taken so that no contact was made between the stream of milk and the milker's hands. The tubes were held as horizontally as possible to minimise the entry of dust. The sterile rubber stoppers were held in such a way that they would not be contaminated. After taking samples from each udder half, the goat identification number was marked on each tube with a water proof marker pen. The tubes were transported on ice box to Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, where they were stored at -20ºc until cultured on standard bacteriological media. CMT kit (Leucocytest ® , Synbiotics Corporation-2, rue Alexander Fleming -69007 Lyon, France and marketed by Advance Chemical, Co. Bangladesh Ltd.) was used in this study (Plate 3.2). The Leucocytest reagent is composed of Alkyl Aryl sulfonate (3%), sodium hydroxide (1.5%) and bromocresol purple (1:10,000) as an indicator. Subclinical mastitis was diagnosed based on CMT results and the nature of coagulation and viscosity of the mixture (milk and CMT reagent), which show the presence and severity of the infection, respectively. Before sample collection for bacteriological examination, milk samples were examined for visible abnormalities and were screened by the CMT. From each udder half, a squirt of milk sample was placed in each of the cups on the CMT paddle and an equal amount of 3% CMT reagent was added to each cup and mixed well. According to the visible reaction of the CMT, the results were classified into four scores: Negative (no change in consistency), Trace (slightly positive), 1(mild positive) 2(Moderate positive) and 3(highly positive). Scores depend on the degree of gellation that was indicated by gelatinous mass in proportion to severity of infection present. Each CMT positive milk sample was separated under aseptic conditions in labeled sterile screw caped bottles. All milk samples were sent directly to the laboratory with a minimum of delay for routine culture techniques. Milk samples were cultured onto 10% sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. Suspected colonies were identified morphologically, microscopically and biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc diffusion test is based solely on the presence or absence of a zone of inhibition around the antibiotic containing discs. Disc diffusion test were performed and interpreted according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standard (NCCLS, 2001) by using Oxide discs impregnated with specific antibiotics. Factors that usually affect the prevalence of subclinical mastitis were recorded and were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 17.0 software and statistically significant associations were determined by the chi-square test.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 112-122, Jan-Dec 2012.

Article Link (Online Journal): http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v19i1-2.26433

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in goats in northern districts of Bangladesh was 56.2%. Coagulase negative Staphylococci were the most common bacterial species associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in these areas. Identified risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis were litter size, body condition and housing system. Present findings suggest that regular screening of animals for subclinical mastitis with some changes in the farm management system could be an effective way to control the clinical mastitis in dairy industry.

Knowledge Management: Journal