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Important Vector-borne Diseases with Their Zoonotic Potential: Present Situation and Future Perspective

M. A . H. N. A . Khan
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Vector - borne diseases (VBDs) of zoonotic importance are the global threat in the human life and on animal welfare as well. Many vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) have appeared in new regions in the past two decades, while many endemic diseases have increased in incidence. Although introductions and emergence of endemic pathogens are often considered to be distinct processes, many endemic pathogens are actually spreading at a local scale coincident with habitat change. Key differences between dynamics and diseases burden result from increased pathogen transmission following habitat change, deforestation and introduction life into new regions. Local emergence of VBPs are commonly driven by changing in ecology (deforestation, massive natural calamities, civil wares etc.), altered human behavior, enhanced enzootic cycles, pathogen invasion from anthropogenic trade and travel, genomic changes of pathogens to coup up with the new hosts, vectors, and climatic conditions and adaptability in wildlife reservoirs. Once a pathogen is established, ecological factors related to vector and host characteristics can shape the evolutionary selective pressure and result in increased use of people as transmission hosts. West Nile virus (WNV), Nipah virus and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are among the best-understood zoonotic vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) to have emerged in the last two decades and sh ow ed just how explosive epidemics can be in new regions. Zoonotic VBPs that are likely introduced into new regions include Rift Valley Fever and Japanese Encephalitis viruses (JEV) in the Americas, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Eurasia or Africa, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) in new parts of Eurasia. Vector-borne diseases currently impose global burden on public health and animal welfare including widespread formerly zoonotic human diseases, such as malaria, leishmania and dengue fever, as well as zoonotic diseases for which humans are dead end hosts, such as Lyme disease, WNV and CCHF. It requires highly equipped laboratory facilities and technical manpower to address emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Financial and technological hurdles persist in developing countries, making diagnosis and control facility difficult where these diseases are stubbornly most prevalent. Development of technological and highly knowledgeable manpower is the key to protect public health and eco-health. An awareness building about the changing risk of VBPs to prevent introduction foreign pathogens is far more difficult because this is commonly an inevitable consequence of the globalization of trade and travel and in most cases is accidental. Designing of active surveillance of the deadly infectious pathogens by combining the expertise of veterinary and human health could play pivotal roles towards reducing burden of VBPs. History suggests that successful control of VBPs requires prompt identification, swift action, mobilization of fund for developing technical expertise and occasionally by using draconian social measures.

Keywords: Vector-borne diseases, Zoonotic potential, Future perspective

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Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Diseases

Objectives:

To evaluate the present situation and future perspective of important vector-borne diseases with their zoonotic potential

Methodology:

The information of the review article has been collected from different source, eg., World Health Organization, ICDDR,B, Regional Office for South East Asia, different journals and online circulation from web. In this article 20 desires, eg., Vectors and vector-borne diseases (VBDs), Zoonosis, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, African trypanosomiasis, Dengue, Nipah virus infection, Ebola, Rabies, Plague, Typhoid fever, Chikungunya, Lyme disease, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis,Dirofilariasis (heartworms), Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), Babesiosis, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, and Schistosomiasis and their details information were collected and presented.

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (2 ): 1 - 14 ISSN: 1729 - 7893 (Print), 2308 - 0922 (Online)

Article Link (Online Journal): http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJVM/article/view/26614/17859

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Achievement/Findings:

The increase incidence of VBDs is related to the availability of vectors, pathogens and transmission to the definitive hosts. Changes in environmental temperature directly affect emergence and transmission of VBPs through pathogen - host interaction, and indirectly through changes in ecosystem and species composition. As temperatures increases in some geographical areas, the vectors have been spread ing to areas were previously was too cold. For example, two mosquito vectors that carry malaria in Asia are now available in the USA-Mexico border. Leishmanial vector are now available in USA and few of the European country. More frequent droughts in some areas can cause a decrease in vectors densities that require water for their life cycle. A decline in biodiversity alters predator-prey relationships; a decline in the predators of vectors can increase vector populations. Movement of human population and deforestation can also expand distribution of pathogens and increase exposure routes. Collectively, arthropods are responsible for millions of illness in man and animals each year. Over the past 30 years, there has been a global emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease in man and animals and vector-borne diseases in particular ly showed an increased in frequency of epidemic transmission and crossing of geographic barrier. A major problem is that the most important vector-borne diseases occurred in the tropics, usually in the areas where resources are limited and surveillance is poor. However, the shrinking world, with highly increased human and animal mobility due to air travel and commerce (globalization) has made these diseases not just problems of the tropics; the present the global community with possibly its greatest health problem and threat to economic security today. This underscores the need for physicians, veterinarians and eco - biologist in endemic and non - endemic areas to be aware of vector-borne diseases and to be knowledgeable about where they occur and how to recognize and treat them. There is strong n eed to set rules that prevent emission of greenhouse gases that influence local/regional ecology, alter the life cycles of certain diseases in vectors and animals. It is mandatory to preserve 20 - 25% forests areas and wetlands to maintain healthy ecology and keep vectors in forest; now a day this requirement is greatly ignored. Developing and implementing early warning systems to reduce exposure to environmental hazards and limit susceptibility in exposed populations is also lacking . It needs to develop expert manpower, deploy innovative disease prevention techniques and work to improve diagnostic testing for vector-borne diseases. Development of new pesticides is needed aimed at controlling disease vectors with species specificity (affecting only the target vectors), environmentally safe and low susceptibility to resistance. Routine monitoring in the genetics of vector-borne pathogens also needed to understand the changes in the genomes with their changing ecology and host tropism. The registered vet equipped to deal with a number of insect borne infectious and zoonotic diseases need to deploy in the cross border areas, hilly areas, low land, marshy land , airport and forest areas of a country to keep constant monitoring of the existing or emerging vectors and vector-borne diseases and design preventive and control strategies accordingly .

Knowledge Management: Journal