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Research Detail

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S. K. Biswas
Senior Scientific Officers
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

M. A. Hossain
Senior Scientific Officers
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

A. R. Akanda
Chief Scientific Officer
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

A field study was conducted in the experimental field of IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur during November to March of 2013 – 2014 to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes on growth, bulb yield and water use pattern of garlic under sprinkler irrigation systems. The water – yield relationship has been developed for garlic with different irrigation regimes under sprinkler irrigation to quantify crop water productivity functions (CWPF) for optimum use of irrigation water. Seven irrigation regimes were: T1 - Surface irrigation where crop was irrigated at 20 days interval; T2 – Sprinkler irrigation at 40% of ETo; T3 – Sprinkler irrigation at 60% of ETo; T4 – Sprinkler irrigation at 80% of ETo; T5 – Sprinkler irrigation at 100% of ETc; and T6 – Sprinkler irrigation at 120% of ET0. Marginal water productivity (MWP) and elasticity of water productivity (EWP) were calculated using the relationship between bulb yield and seasonal evapotranspiration (SET). A continuous increasing trend in growth parameters and yield was recorded with the increase in SET up to 100% ET0. However with further increase in SET the same was decreased. Though SET requirement for maximum yield (9.10t/ha) was 254 mm but the highest water productivity (WP) of 3.76 kg/m3 was achieved with relatively low SET of 211 mm, respectively. In terms of bulb yield and WP, sprinkler irrigation found superior over the surface (conventional) one. Sprinkler irrigation with 100% ETo found most suitable for bulb yield of garlic. However, WP was found the highest in sprinkler irrigation with 80% ETo and after that declined with the increase in ETo. Hence, in water constraint situation, 80% ETo would be the most appropriate irrigation level for garlic production with sprinkler irrigation system.

  Sprinkler irrigation, Evapotranspiration, Garlic
  BARI, Gazipur
  00-00-2013
  00-00-2014
  Crop-Soil-Water Management
  Supplemental irrigation, Garlic
  • To investigate the performance of onion crop under sprinkler irrigation
  • To estimate the critical level of ET for obtaining maximum WP and maximum yield
  • To evaluate the economic feasibility of sprinkler irrigation for garlic production.

 

A field study was carried out with garlic (cv. BARI Rashun-2)  under sprinkler irrigation system during the winter season (December–March) of 2013 – 2014 at the research field of Irrigation and Water Management Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) (Latitude 24.000N, Longitude 90.250E and Altitude 8.40 m msl), Gazipur. A total of six irrigation treatments were tried. Five treatments were based on potential evapotranspiration (ETo) and one treatment was kept as farmers practice. The treatments were as follows:

T1 = Surface irrigation (Farmers’ practice)

T2 = Sprinkler irrigation at 40%ETo

T3 = Sprinkler irrigation at 60% ETo

T4 = Sprinkler irrigation at 80% ETo

T5 = Sprinkler irrigation at 100% ETo

T6 = Sprinkler irrigation at 120%ETo

Each treatment was replicated three times and irrigated using a sprinkler irrigation system while farmers practice treatment was irrigated using pipe irrigation at an interval of 15 days. Irrigation interval for sprinkler irrigation system was 10 days. The treatments with the same irrigation regime were arranged in a line covering three replications for better management of irrigation. Since the characteristics of the experimental land were homogeneous, there was little possibility of variation in results for such arrangements of the treatments. Each plot was of 5 m × 3 m size surrounded by 1.5 m wide buffer strip to restrict lateral seepage of water in-between adjoining plots. Cloves of garlic (cv BARI Rashun-2) were planted at 15 cm × 10 cm spacing on 16 November 2013. During land preparation, farm yard manure @ 5 t/ha was properly incorporated with the soil. Fertilizer application rates were 100 kg N, 54 kg P, 167 kg K and 18 kg S per hectare.  Half of N and K in the form of urea and muriate of potash, and full dose of P and S in the form of triple super phosphate (TSP) and gypsum, respectively were applied during final land preparation. The remaining half of N and K were top-dressed in two equal splits at 25 and 50 days after planting (DAP). A light irrigation amounting 20 mm was applied after planting for proper germination and crop establishment. The spinkler irrigation scheduling was imposed from the eighth day of transplanting. Irrigation was applied after 10- days interval based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated on a daily basis from daily meteorological data by Penman-Monteith’s equation using CROPWAT computer programme. Daily meteorological data required for CROPWAT model including maximum and minimum air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed at 2 m height and sun shine hour were collected from a weather station about 1.0 km away from the study site. The daily irrigation requirement for the crop was calculated by subtracting the effective rainfall from the computed ETo. Time of operation of sprinkler system was calculated for different levels of irrigation dividing water requirement of the crop over 10 days by discharge of a sprinkler nozzle. The duration of operation was controlled with gate valves provided at the inlet of each lateral. Gravimetric soil water content was measured from 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, 45- 60 cm depths during planting and harvest as well as before and after each irrigation and after rainfall. Seasonal evapotranspiration (SET) during the entire cropping period (planting to harvest) from the crop field was calculated by using the field water balance equation as: ET= IW + P+ - D - R ± SWS 

Where P is precipitation (mm), IW is irrigation (mm), D is the drainage (mm), R the run-off and  SWS is the variation in water content of the soil profile. The change in soil water contents at 30–60 cm soil layer was considered to be deep percolation. Run-off was taken to be zero since it did not occur with the use of micro sprinkler irrigation system.

The recommended plant protection measures were adopted as and when required. Irrigation was stopped 15 days before harvesting in all treatments. Ten plants from each plot were selected randomly and tagged for recording growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves and neck girth.  Leaf area and above ground dry matter were also recorded on 10 plants at different phenological stages. Yield parameters viz., bulb diameter, bulb length, bulb unit weight were recorded from the plants used for recording observations. The bulbs were harvested at full maturity stage on 18 March 2014. After proper curing and neck cutting, yield and contributing characters were recorded. The bulb yield per hectare was calculated based on the plot yield.  The analysis and interpretation of data were done using the DMRT method of analysis of variance technique as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984).

  Annual Research Report, IWM Division, BARI 2013-14
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

Sprinkler irrigation at 120% ETo recorded the highest plant height (62.7 cm) followed by sprinkler irrigation at 100% ETo (58.6 cm). Plant height was an important yield attribute in garlic and any practice to alter the plant height would influence the bulb yield. In the present experiment, the increased plant height in sprinkler irrigated plots might be due to better availability of moisture during entire crop growth period which favored the growth attributes. In case of number of leaves, irrigation at 100 and 120% ETo produced the highest number of leaves. A crop should produce sufficient number of leaves to harness light energy and synthesize adequate photo assimilates for biomass production. The increased growth attributes might be due to adequate availability and supply of water and nutrients in proportion, which ultimately resulted in triggering the production of plant growth hormones namely Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) which helped in maintaining a higher number of leaves. With respect to neck thickness, the highest bulb neck thickness of 9.17 mm was noticed in sprinkler irrigation at 120% ETo followed by 100% ETo irrigated plot (9.07 mm) and the lowest neck thickness of 7.17 mm was observed in sprinkler irrigation at 40% ETo. The neck thickness under surface irrigated treatment and sprinkler irrigated treatment at 60% ETo was almost same. The growth attributes were found lower in surface irrigation method than the sprinkler irrigated treatments, that received water almost same as surface method, could be attributed to inefficient use, deep percolation and uneven distribution of irrigation water. Another probable reason may be, the growth parameters in low water regime sprinkler treatments and in surface treatment were lower due to stress condition as compared to higher regime sprinkler irrigation treatments.

Sprinkler irrigation with different water regimes had a significant effect on the growth and bulb yield of garlic.  Irrigating at 60% ETo with sprinkler system gave the identical yield with surface irrigation treatment with a saving of about 48% irrigation water. However, the highest bulb yield of 9.37 t/ha was obtained under the treatment T5 (100% ETo) with 244 mm of irrigation water, which was only about 6.5% more than the water requirement for surface method. The wettest treatment T6 (120% ETo) and the treatment T4 (80%) produced the yields, which were at par with the maximum yielded treatment T5. In general, higher water regime treatment had higher SET values. To achieve maximum WP, 230 mm of SET would require and to maximize yield, SET would need to be 262 mm, which is about 14% greater than the water use at maximum WP. When CWPF was used SET values ranged from 211 mm for maximum WP to 254 mm for maximum yield. Thus precise estimation of SET by using the concepts of marginal water productivity and elastic water productivity will be a useful tool for irrigated agriculture. Though sprinklers were more costly to purchase and operate than surface systems, but farmers may achieve higher yield with higher net return and BCR with sprinkler irrigation, provided the systems are operated and maintained properly.

 

 

  Report/Proceedings
  


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