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Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Caprine Mastitis of Northern Region in Bangladesh

J. Ferdous
Department of Medicine, Surgery & Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Basherhat, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

MS Rahman
Department of Medicine, Surgery & Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Basherhat, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

MI Khan
Department of Medicine, Surgery & Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Basherhat, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

MAHNA Khan
Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

UK Rima
Department of Medicine, Surgery & Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Basherhat, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Mastitis is a multifactorial and infectious disease of the udder of dairy animals. Infected animals suffer from pain and fever and causing damage in udder and changes in milk. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical caprine mastitis associated with bacterial pathogens during the period from January to June, 2017. A total of 120 lactating goats were randomly selected from different villages of Dinajpur district and 240 milk samples from each udder half were aseptically collected. The udders were examined and screened for the evidence of clinical and subclinical mastitis by clinical examination of udders and examining milk samples. Subclinical mastitis was detected by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples of all clinical and subclinical mastitis goats were cultured in/on bacteriological media for isolation and characterization of responsible bacterial pathogens. The overall prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in goats was found to be 11.67% and 38.75%, respectively. Bacteriological examination of mastitic milk samples of caprine revealed Staphylococcus spp. (32.5%) as the major pathogen followed by Escherichia coli (22.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (12.5%), Klebsiella spp. (12.5%) and Bacillus spp. (5%). Results of this study indicated that about 50% of caprine udder were infected with mastitis (38.75%), which may render lowering milk production and mortality of goats and kids. It needs to screen milk sample of lactating goats by CMT, identify mastitic goats with infected bacteria, evaluate antibiotic sensitivity and design control strategy accordingly.

Keywords: Goat, CMT, Mastitis, Prevalence, Bacteria

Location: Dinajpur city and adjacent villages of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU) Campus.

Start Date: 00-01-2017

End Date: 00-06-2017

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Becteriocides

Objectives:

To identify the prevalence of caprine mastitis at Dinajpur district, Bangladesh with its causative bacterial agents.

Methodology:

Study area and period: The present research was carried out on Black Bengal goats at different locations of Dinajpur city and adjacent villages of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU) Campus. The laboratory works were performed at the Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics and Department of Microbiology, HSTU, Dinajpur during the period of January to June 2017. Survey design and sampling: A cross sectional observational study was conducted. A total of 120 milk samples from 60 lactating does of Dinajpur city and 120 milk samples from 60 lactating does of adjacent villages of HSTU campus were randomly selected for investigation. Clinical examination for the detection of mastitis: A thorough clinical examination of the udder and its secretions were done for the detection of clinical mastitis. Clinical examination of the lactating udders were carried out, that consisting of visual inspection and palpation of udder and teats for symmetry and size, indurations and fibrosis. Teats ends were observed for alterations such as wounds, scars, markers, vesicles, warts, patent orifices and ease of milking. Inspection of udder included visual examination posteriorly to ascertain size and disproportional symmetry. All individual quarters were observed for the abnormal consistency like firmness, presence of super-numerary or multiple teats, fibrosis, oedema, warmth and other physical defects. Clinically farms, swollen and painful udders were indicative of clinical mastitis and were noted. Collection of sample: Milk sample were collected by the owners, who were instructed to soak the teat with 70% ethanol and drying off by tissue paper, one to two drops of milks was discarded and then 10 ml of milk were taken from each quarter into labeled L or R (L for left and R for right udder halves) sterilized test tubes with rubber cap. The sample was taken first from the teats nearest the operator before proceeding to those on the off side. Physical examination of milk: Immediately after collection, milk was subjected to physical examination with naked eyes to detect any abnormalities in color, odor, consistency, presence of blood and clot, flakes and any other visible abnormalities. California Mastitis Test (CMT): A shallow half black paddle having four cups supplied with kit was used and was rinsed after each use. About 2 ml of milk was drawn from bottle into the cup and an estimated equal volume of CMT reagent was squirted from a polyethylene wash bottle. Mixing was accomplished by gentle circular motion of the paddle in a horizontal plane for few seconds. The reaction developed almost immediately with milk containing a high concentration of somatic cells. The peak of reaction was obtained within 10 seconds and scored. The CMT reaction/ results were read immediately as per manufacturer’s recommendation and were scored for each half gland (teat) depending on the amount and thickness of gel formed as described by Shearer et al. (2003) In this study both the CMT score of o and Trace were considered as negative or normal while CMT scores of 1+ (weak positive), 2+ (distinct positive), 3+ (strong positive) were taken as indicators of subclinical mastitis. Somatic cell count exceeding 2.5 million/ml indicated acute and severe form of infection. Bacteriological examination of milk sample: Forty milk samples positive for mastitis were randomly selected for bacteriological examination. Each milk sample (100µl) was inoculated separately in Nutrient broth to promote bacterial growth. Following overnight incubating the broth at 37⁰C, a loopful bacterial culture was streaked over nutrient agar (NA) using a sterile bacteriological loop. Repeated subculture onto the agar plate was carried out until the pure culture with homogenous colonies was obtained. Similarly, bacterial growth in nutrient broth was sub cultured on MacConkey agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, Staphylococcus agar no. 110, Cetrimide agar for isolation of specific bacteria. These media were incubated overnight at 37⁰C and colony morphology was examined. Bacteria from the isolated colonies were stained with Gram’s staining method (Merchant and Packer, 1967) to study the morphological and staining properties of the bacteria. Each isolated culture was subjected to various biochemical tests to denote specific bacterial genus or species. Based on the cultural, morphological and biochemical properties the bacterial genus or species were identified. Statistical analysis: Chi square (c²) test was performed to observe the significant influence of risk factors (age, parity, litter size, lactation stage, and teat lesion) onto the causes of mastitis of goats using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 22.0.

Source of Information: Progressive Agriculture 29 (2): 127-138, 2018

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Clinical, biological and bacteriological examination of udder and milk revealed higher rate (>50%) of mastitis in lactating goats of northern region of Bangladesh. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in Black Bengal goats were 11.67% and 38.75% respectively. The major pathogens isolated from mastitic milk were Staphylococcus spp. (32.5%) followed by Escherichia coli (22.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (12.5%), Klebsiella spp. (12.5%), Bacillus spp. (5%). Mixed infections were found as Staphylococcus spp.+E. coli (10%), Klebsiella spp.+E. coli (2.5%) and Staphylococcus spp. + Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%). The California mastitis test (CMT) can be routinely used to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis at early onset and prevent loses due to udder affections.

Knowledge Management: Journal