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Research Detail

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S. Akhter
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

A Sharmin
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

MT Islam
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

A study was carried out in Mymensingh sadar upazila of Bangladesh in order to evaluate the effects of climatic variability on groundwater (GW) recharge and evapotranspiration (ET) over the period of 2006 - 2015. The annual GW recharge was computed by using soil moisture balance method, while CROPWAT-8.0 model was used to determine potential evapotranspiration (PET) and Grindley method was also used to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AET). In the case study area, the average temperature and rainfall showed no trend (almost constant), whereas humidity showed a declining trend over the study period. Analysis of rainfall trend revealed that there was considerable increase in annual rainfall with a mean of 2125 mm found over the study period. Groundwater recharge showed an increasing trend over the whole period, and the maximum recharge of 247.86 mm found in 2013, while maximum GW depletion of 136.8 mm found in 2014. In case of annual PET, the maximum of 1403.76 mm found in 2006, whereas the minimum of 1115.76 mm found in 2013. The AET showed a slightly declining trend over the 10 years of study, and the highest average AET of 1014.24 mm observed in 2007, whereas the lowest of 772.92 mm was in 2013. There was no significant relationship among groundwater recharge and annual variability of average temperature, and average rainfall found while only the annual variability of average humidity was found to be inversely related with groundwater recharge.

  Climatic parameters; Climatic variability; Ground water recharge; Evapotranspiration
  Mymensingh sadar upazila
  00-00-2006
  00-00-2015
  Risk Management in Agriculture
  Groundwater

To relate the variability of important climatic parameters with GW recharge and ET because GW is the most reliable source of water for the utilization in various purposes.

Study area: The study was conducted in Mymensingh sadar upazila covers an area of 388.45 km2, located in between 24°38' and 24°54' N latitudes and in between 90°11' and 90°30' E longitudes. The elevation from the mean sea level of the study area is 19 m. The climate of the study area is moderate, much cooler than Dhaka, as it is closer to the Himalayas. The temperature drops below 15 °C in winter which is spread over December and January, and the highest temperature is felt during April - May period, when the temperature may be as high as 40 °C. The annual average rainfall is 2,249 mm (Wikipedia, 2019). As Mymensingh sadar upazila is located in Madhupur Tract, the soil type of the study area is clayey texture and contains a large quantity of iron and aluminum, which are highly aggregated. The pH value of the soil of the area ranges from 5.5 to 6.0. The predominant land use of this area is Aus, T. Aman, Jute in Kharif season and Mustard, Wheat, Pulses, Potato, Onion, etc. in Rabi season. Data collection: The study was conducted by using historical data of various meteorological parameters (maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind velocity, sun hours and solar radiation) over the period of 2006 - 2015. The required data were collected from the weather station, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh for the study area. These data were used to estimate the GW recharge and ET. Missing data in time series were estimated using the arithmetic mean of the adjacent month (Backundukize et al., 2011). Methods for GW recharge and evapotranspiration estimation: Soil-moisture balance method was used to estimate GW recharge. In this method, the concept of the water balance of the unsaturated zone (Thornwaite and Matter, 1957) was applied. Applying continuity at the soil surface, a balance equation can be written as:P = I + E + RO....(1); Mathematically, the balance equation of the soil moisture zone can be expressed by the following equation: I – ET – R = ±  SM...... (2); From the above two equations, R ±  SM = (P – RO – E) – ET or, R ±  SM = P – RO – (E + ET) or, R ±  SM = P – RO – AET.... (3) Where, AET = (E+ET) i.e. Actual Evapotranspiration, E = Evaporation, ET = Evapotranspiration, I = Infiltration, P = Rainfall, RO = Runoff, R = Recharge, and SM = Change in soil-moisture. The soil-moisture, at the beginning of a period (day or month), is illumined by runoff and diminished by the AET for the period. When ?SM becomes negative it represents an increase in soil moisture deficits (SMD), when SMD develops no recharge occurs according to this concept. In this method, when SMD within the soil zone is fully satisfied i.e. SMD = 0, then only the excess i.e. positive SM represents partial recharge to the saturated zone i.e. aquifer. According to the soil moisture balance method, when ?SM is positive, then the only recharge occurs (Rushton and Ward, 1979). Therefore, according to the principle of soil moisture balance, GW recharge to the aquifer becomes, R = P – RO – AET..... (4). For the above equation, AET was estimated from the PET, calculated from CROPWAT-8.0 model using all the previously mentioned meteorological parameters (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, humidity, wind speed, and sun hours), and runoff was determined using a standard method. After estimating AET and direct runoff, GW recharge was calculated by using the soil moisture balance method for the study area.

  Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 104-112, 2019
  DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/pa.v30i1.42217
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

There was no special trend (almost constant) of  average temperature and rainfall for the study area, whereas a declining trend of humidity was observed over the period of 2006-2015. The maximum recharge of 247.86 mm was found in 2013, while the maximum depletion of 136.8 mm was found in 2014. An increasing trend of GW recharge was observed over the whole study period. A dramatic declining trend of PET was observed over the period and its maximum value of 1403.76 mm was found in 2006, whereas the minimum of 1115.76 mm was in 2013. The study also revealed that there a slightly declining trend of AET over the whole period and the highest annual AET of 1014.24 mm was found in 2007, while the lowest of 772.92 mm was in 2013. The general conclusions drawn from this study that there was no specific relationship between average temperature and GW recharge but the GW recharge showed an inverse and a direct relationship with humidity and rainfall, respectively, and the recharge ranged from 2.41 to 14.58 % of mean annual rainfall over the 10 years of study.

  Journal
  


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