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Antidiabetic Effect of Bitter Melon/kerala (momordica Charantia) in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat

Rupaly Akhter
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Imrul Hasan Rasel
Adjunct Faculty, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Mohammad Saiful Islam
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

This study aims at investigating the effect of Momordica charantia extract on glucose tolerance and some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetes rat. A total of 150 rats (50 normal rats and 100 alloxan induced diabetic rats) were used for five trials. The rats were divided into three groups for each trial, each containing 10 individuals as follows: Group A: is the control group, Group B as diabetic control group and group C were diabetic rat received bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Then alloxan injection was injected at a dose rate of 150 mg/kg body weight through intra-peritoneal route to each rat to induce diabetes in groups B and C. Aqueous extract of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) were fed by gavage at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 21 days in group C. On 15th day blood glucose level and the body weights, biochemical parameters were measured for the first time to ensure diabetic induction. Then all the rats of this group were kept for more 21 days for the treatment of diabetic condition. Alloxan produced a significant increase in serum glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and significant decrease in body weight and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). Bitter melon treatment reduced non-fasting and fasting glucose level (p<0.05). In addition, administration of bitter melon juice was associated with a reduction in the serum levels of Alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC) and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) when compared with positive diabetic control (p<0.05). High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and body weight level significantly increased in bitter melon treated group C compare to Group B (p<0.05).

Keywords: Bitter melon, Diabetes, Alloxan, Blood glucose, Blood cholesterol, HDLC, LDLC, Triglyceride

Location: International Centre of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B)

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Bitter Melon, Pesticide

Objectives:

To evaluate the efficacy of bitter melon on lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLC, LDLC), blood glucose, biochemical parameters (ALT, AST), and body weight in experimentally diabetes induced rats.

Methodology:

Total two hundred rats, long Evan’s strain (Ratus norvegicus) aged between 3 to 4 months and weighting between 200 to 300g was collected from International Centre of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) or other places. For five experimental trials, all the rats were grouped into three each containing 50 rats. Each group of rats was housed at serene bottomed wire cages arranged in rows and kept in the animal house of this department. The animals were fed with pellet at a recommended dose of 100 g/kg as advised by ICDDR, B. Drinking water was supplied ad libitum. The rats were reared in this condition for a period of three weeks to acclimatize them prior to experimental uses. To induce diabetes mellitus, alloxan injection was given through intra-peritoneal route and this increased the blood glucose level (p<0.05) and at the same time body weight was decreased also. Single dose of alloxan administered intraperitoneally @ 150 mg/kg body weight (Belhekar et. al, 2013). In this experiment, polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia after 24 hours of alloxan injection, it was observed. Rats with serum glucose level ranging between 150 mg/dl or above considered as hyperglycemic. In that study, a total of 150 rats (50 normal rats and 100 alloxan induced diabetic rats) were used for five trials. The rats were divided into three groups for each trial, each containing 10 individuals as follows: Group A: is the control group and was fed standard rat chow and pure water, Group B as diabetic control group and group C were diabetic rat received bitter melon (Momordica charantia). After 18 hours of starvation, body weights, blood glucose, lipid profile, biochemical parameter were measured after acclimatization of rats. Then alloxan injection was injected at a dose rate of 150 mg/kg body weight through intra-peritoneal route to each rat to induce diabetes in groups B and C. All the groups of rats were reared under normal diet and water ad libitum from Day 1-15, on 15th day blood glucose level and the body weights gaining were measured for the first time to ensure diabetic induction. Then all the rats of this group were kept for more 21 days for the treatment of diabetic condition. During that period on Day 0, 7, 14, and 21st the body weight and blood glucose level were measured. Aqueous extract of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fed by gavage at a dose of 300mg/kg body weight daily for 21 days in group C. According to the methods of Chen and Li, (2005) unripe bitter melon fresh fruit was cut open and the seeds were removed. The extracted juice from the edible portion was frozen and completely lyophilized by continuous freeze-drying operation for 72hrs. The powder was kept in airtight containers at -70C0 until used. Serum glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance test were performed according to the method described by Leatherdale et al. (1981), using reagent kits purchased from Bio Merieux Chemicals (France). ALT and AST activity in serum were determined according to the method of Moss DW & Henderson AR. (1996) using reagent kits purchased from Randox Company (United Kingdom). Serum triglycerides concentration was determined according to the method of Nauck et al. (1999), using reagent kits obtained from Reactivos Spinreact (Spain). Serum LDL-cholesterol concentration was determined according to Friendewald et al. (1972). Data were analyzed using Graph Pad Instat software (version 3, ISS-Rome, Italy). Groups of data were compared with ANOVA, followed by Tukey-Kramer (TK) multiple comparisons post-test. Values of P < 0.05 were regarded as significant. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error (SEM).

Source of Information: Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 5, No. 3, December 2018 : 373-379

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In conclusion, the present study calls attention to the therapeutic use of bitter melon in diabetes mellitus. The results of the current study demonstrated that bitter melon has numerous anti-diabetic effects such as, decreasing serum glucose concentration, decrease in the activities of both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in diabetic rats treated with bitter melon &significant increase of HDLC in bitter melon treated rats. In addition, it showed hypolipidemic and thus cardiac protective effects. It was shown in this study that bitter melon did not cause hypoglycemia when given for normal rats, this indicates that it is safe if utilized by normoglycemic persons for its other beneficial effects.

Knowledge Management: Journal