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Handmade Paper from Waste Banana Fibre

K. M. Y. Arafat
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

J. Nayeem
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

A. H. Quadery
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

M. A. Quaiyyum
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M. Sarwar Jahan
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Banana fibre is a natural fibre with high strength, which can be blended easily with cotton fibre or synthetic fibre to produce composite material. In the fiber extraction process, a substantial amount of lignocellulosic wastes are generated, disposal of which creates problem in the adjacent area. In this paper, extracted banana fiber (EBF) and waste banana fiber (WBF) were characterized in terms of chemical and morphological properties to produce handmade paper. WBF was characterized with lower α–cellulose, lignin content and longer fiber length. Pulping of EBF and WBF was carried out with varying active alkali and cooking time at boiling temperature. Pulp yield of WBF was 35.9% after 120 min of cooking with 8% alkali charge. In the unbeaten state the degrees of drainage resistance i.e. SR values were 65 and 71 for EBF and WBF, respectively. The tensile, burst and tear indices of WBF were 23.7 N.m/g, 2.2 kPa.m²/g and 5.0 mN.m²/g, respectively; these were much lower as compared to EBF. These values however, meet the requirement for handmade paper.

Keywords: Banana wastes; Waste banana ﬁber; Extracted banana ﬁber, pulp; Handmade paper

Location: District of Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Knowledge Management

Non-commodity: Adoption of technology

Objectives:

To produce handmade paper from Waste Banana Fibre (WBF).

Methodology:

Materials- EBF and WBF were collected from the local banana fibre extraction unit in the district of Dinajpur, Bangladesh and sun dried. The EBF was cut to 2-3 cm in length. The moisture content of EBF and WBF was determined for the subsequent experiments. Morphological properties- For the measurement of fibre length, EBF and WBF was macerated in a solution containing 1:1 HNO₃ and KClO₃. Six gram KClO₃ was dissolved in 50 ml 70% HNO₃ and 50ml distilled water. A drop of macerated sample was taken on a slide and fiber length was measured under a digital microscope (Labomed, USA). Fibre width was determined from the cross-section of the photograph taken in an image analyzer using appropriate software. Chemical analysis- The cold and hot water solubility (T207 cm99), 1% alkali solubility, extractives (T204 om88), Klason lignin (T222 om98), pentosan (T223 cm01) and ash content (T211 om93) were determined in accordance with Tappi Test Methods. For the determination of cold water solubility, ground raw material was extracted with reagent grade water at 25°C with stirring for 48 h. For the determination of hot water solubility, ground raw material was extracted with reagent grade water under reflux in a boiling water bath for 3 h. For lignin determination, the carbohydrates in raw material were hydrolyzed and solubilized by 72% sulfuric acid; the acid-insoluble lignin is filtered off, dried, and weighed. For pentosnan determination, pentosan are transformed in boiling 3.85N hydrochloric acid to furfural, which was collected in the distillate and determined colorimetrically with orcinol-ferric chloride reagent. For ash determination, a test specimen is ignited in a muffle furnace at 525°C. The resulting weight of ash was calculated the percentage ash present at 525°C. Holocellulose was determined by treating extractive-free wood meal with NaClO₂ solution (Browining, 1967). The pH of the solution was maintained at 4.0 by adding acetate buffer. Pulping- Pulping of EBF and WBF was carried out in an electrically heated open digester with constant stirring device. The pulping was carried out under the following conditions: - Active alkali: 8, 10 and 12% as NaOH. - Time: 90, 120, 150 min at the boiling temperature. - Liquor to feedstock ratio: 8:1 - Temperature: boiling During cooking, the constant volume of the liquor inside the digester was maintained by adding hot water. After completing digestion time, pulp was washed with tap water till the removal of all chemicals. The pulp yield was determined gravimetrically from the oven-dried weight of EBF and WBF. The kappa number, an indication of the residual lignin content or bleachability of the resulting pulp, was determined in accordance to Tappi Test Methods (T 236 om-99). Evaluation of pulp- EBF and WBF pulps were disintegrated in a standard disintegrator. The hand sheets of about 60 g/m² were made in a Rapid Köthen Sheet Making Machine according to German Standard Methods. The sheets were tested for tensile, (T 494 om-96), burst (T 403 om-97), and tear strength (T 414 om-98) according to TAPPI Standard Test Methods.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53(2), 83-88, 2018

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i2.36668

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

WBF contains very low amount of α–cellulose and high amount of ash. WBF is constituted by fibers, broken fibers and nonfibrous cells. At 120 min of cooking with 8% alkali charge, WBF is defibrated with pulp yield of 35.9%. Initial SR value of EBF pulp is very high (65) and consequently increases to a very high tensile strength. Tear index of EBF is also very high due to the longer fiber length. The paper making properties of WBF are quite acceptable for handmade paper. But these properties are much lower as compared to EBF pulp. The waste generated in banana fibre extraction plant can be used in handmade paper which will mitigate the pollution problem along with creating employment opportunity in rural area.

Knowledge Management: Journal