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Determination of Salmonella in Egg Shell and Egg Content in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh

S Akter
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong

Z Ferdowshi
Universiy of Science and Technology Chittagong

MN Islam
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong and Massey University, New Zealand

MAM Prodhan
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong

MYE Chowdhury
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food-borne diseases. It constitutes a major public health burden and represents a significant cost in many countries. Salmonella are known for its wide range host and can cause clinical diseases in some hosts while in others, can be asymptomatic. Poultry and eggs are considered as major sources for different pathogenic Salmonella serotypes. Eggs produced locally under the small scale layer farm may present a hazard to consumers which may increase the spread of Salmonella in the environment. To investigate the occurrence of Salmonella, a total of 72 samples were taken from 6 poultry farm in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Sampling program was executed between October and December, 2013 and samples were tested using standard laboratory methods. Data was collected through direct interview and structured questionnaire. Our study shows that, true prevalence of Salmonella in egg shell and egg contents were 0.093% and 0.068% respectively. The highest apparent prevalence in Udayan poultry farm (50%) and lowest in Liza poultry farm (16.67%). The average frequency of egg shell contamination is positively correlated with re-use of egg tray without disinfection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation on Salmonella spp. in selected local egg production farms in Chittagong. Further detail study is highly recommended.

Keywords: Salmonella, Small scale layer farm, Egg, Food borne diseases, Public health, poultry farm

Location: Chittagong and Noakhali districts

Start Date: 00-10-2013

End Date: 00-12-2013

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Egg

Objectives:

To determine the apparent and true prevalence of egg contamination by Salmonella spp. with the associated factors.

Methodology:

Small scale commercial layer farm (n=6) of Chittagong (n=3) and Noakhali (n=3) were selected purposively for the study. The Jafar Poultry Farm (farm 1), Hoque Poultry Farm (farm 2) and Kachwya Poultry Farm (farm 3) is located in Moddhomchorkakra, Charparbotipur and Bagtara village of Companygonj upazilla respectively. The Udayan Poultry Farm (farm 4), Islam Poultry Farm (farm 5) and Liza Poultry Farm (farm 6) is located in Satkaniya, potiya and chandanish of Chittagong districts. The landscape characteristics of this study were both high and lowland where farming is major way of livelihood. A cross sectional study was conducted in selected farms for the investigation of Salmonella spp. and associated factors for its prevalence in table eggs of small scale layer farms. The studied farm 1, 2, 3, have 4000, 2000 and 2500 birds of Noakhali and farm 4, 5, 6 have 1800, 7000 and 4000 birds of Chittagong. The studied farm 1, 2 and 6 having Isa brown strain while 3, 4 and 5 were rearing Hisex brown strain of layer bird. The study was conducted between October and December 2013. A structured record keeping sheet was developed, validated and used to collect the necessary information. The questionnaire contained closed, semi closed and open ended question. The questionnaire was grouped on: 1) basic information related to farm identity, farm composition and bird demography, 2) farm management system related to biosecurity level of farm and 3) egg collection, preservation and marketing procedure. All information was collected by face to face interview to the farm owner, manager or attendance as well as by physical examination. Only egg laying flocks of each farm were used to develop the sampling frame where smallest unit consist of 2000 birds. Initially, 12 fresh eggs were collected from the selected farms and transported to microbiology laboratory at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU). Obtained samples were transferred carefully with a layer of sterile cotton for avoiding the breakage of egg. Each egg was given a unique identification number according to the farm identity and strain of the farm. The samples were preserved in 4^ºC until processing. Nutrient agar (Oxoid Ltd., P^H: 6.2±0.0) was used as primary enrichment media. The Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar (Oxoid Ltd., P^H 7.4±0.2), Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar (Merck, P^H : 6.9±0.2) and TSI agar (Oxoid Ltd., P : 7.2±0.2) were also used as selective media for the isolation of Salmonella spp. All the samples were subjected to the laboratory evaluation. The swabbing techniques were used to detect the Salmonella spp. in egg shell. The inner masses were inoculated in media for the detection of salmonella in egg inner mass as described previously. For the preparation of inoculums of egg shell surface, a sterile cotton swab wetted in sterilized normal saline solution (NSS) was used for surface swabbing and it was re-immersed into the same tube having 10 ml NSS. The surfaces of each of the egg were primarily disinfected with 70% ethanol and then the eggs were broken to collect the inner content swab. Finally, the content thoroughly mixed for approximately 1 minute and centrifuged for preparation of inoculum of inner content. 1 ml of prepared inoculum from egg shell and egg inner mass was inoculated in screw cap test tube containing nutrient broth and incubated for 24 hours (h) at 37ºC. After incubation a loopful of culture was streaked on both XLD and SS agar and incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. The colonies with black center in XLD and blackish growth in SS were considered as presumptive Salmonella spp. Suspected colonies were taken over a slide and allowed it to air dry followed by fixation in light flame. Gram’s staining was performed as per procedures described by Merchant and Packer (1969) and observed under microscope at 100× magnification for bacterial characterization. For further confirmation, the colonies were subjected to the biochemical analysis by TSI slant by stabbing the butt down to the bottom, and then streaked over the surface of the slant. The TSI slant was incubated overnight at temperature of 37ºC. The positive results for salmonella were detected based on the properties. Data obtained was imported to the Microsoft Office Excel-2007 and transferred to the software STATA/IC-11 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and associated factors were correlated with high frequency of egg contamination within farm level through descriptive statistics.

Source of Information: International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 66-72

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v5i2.28614

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The present study focused on the identification of Salmonella spp. in 72 samples from different farm level of Chittagong and Noakhali districts of Bangladesh. The overall prevalence of egg inner content contamination is 38.8%. The egg is considered as ideal food and major source of protein in Bangladesh. But the contamination of Salmonella spp. can causes major public health burden by consuming raw or under cooked eggs and egg products. In addition, the contamination of egg by salmonella involves major health expenses in developing country. So it is necessary to monitor the infection level in marketing channel of egg and egg products.

Knowledge Management: Journal