The Upazila Keshabpur is located approximately between latitudes 22°25´to 23°N and longitudes 89°25´to 89°38´E. In the north, the Manirampur UP bounds the Keshabpur UP, and in the south, it is bounded by the Tala and Dumuria UPs; the Dumuria UP covers the eastern area, while the Kalarua UP is situated to the west. The Keshabpur UP supports 37,576 households, with a density 1,120 people per km2 , and 47.5 % of the people in the UP are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood (BBS, 2009). The majority (80.1 %) of the population consists of Muslims, and most of the remaining people are Hindus (19.5 %), and only a small fraction (0.4 %) belongs to other religions. Ten agricultural crops and vegetables, 11 major fruit plants are being cultivated in the langurs holding areas of Keshabpur; five cereal crops were once abundant but now these are scarcely cultivated in the area (Anon, 2003). We selected the aforementioned six villages because most of the common langurs in Bangladesh inhabit this area. Eleven free-ranging groups of common langurs have been observed in this area (Khatun, 2012). The respondents therefore had a good chance of encountering common langurs on a regular basis. In the Keshabpur UP, the governmental ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Nature Development’ project was initiated in June 2006 to supply provisional food for the langurs. Three villages included in this study are part of this government conservation program. In addition, local administration has planted a variety of fruiting trees in the UP following the implementation of the project to supply food and shelter to the langurs. Since 1979, the villagers in the area have been planting varieties of fruiting, non-fruiting (timber) and herbal trees under the governmental social afforestation scheme during the monsoon. However, the density of trees is not equal among the six villages (Khatun, 2012). Most of the langur groups (eight out of eleven) therefore lived in the villages where the availability of natural food and tree density was high. We categorized the study villages into the following two sites in relation to activities associated with langur conservation, the availability of natural food and the distribution of langur groups: (1) high status conservation area (Keshabpur, Baliadanga, and Brahmakati), which is relatively urban and close to the local administration headquarter where additional food is supplied twice a day, and visitors also occasionally provide small food items to the langurs; and (2) low status conservation area (Ramchandrapur, Durgapur, and Madhyakul), located relatively far away from the headquarter where the supplier provisions langurs two times in a week only (one or two groups only, because of the insufficient allocation of food). 2.1 Data Collection Information on human-langur conflict was collected through administering questionnaire surveys in six villages of the Keshabpur UP in the Jessore district. Interviews were conducted using a questionnaire from September 2009 to August 2010. After a pre-test on ten people, a total of 410 individuals were randomly interviewed. Data were collected by one of the three authors (UHK) and/or three trained field assistants who were familiar with the local inhabitants. First, we informed the interviewees of the aims and objectives of the study and attempted to make them feel confident about participating in the research, i.e., that any secrecy or personal views of respondents would not be revealed or not be included as results. The interviews were conducted with the household head, the wife of the household head or with resident adults (>18 years) who were willing to participate in an interview as a representative of the family. Each interview was conducted in the Bengali language. It took approximately 40-45 minutes to complete one questionnaire. The questionnaire included a combination of closed-ended for example, yes or no or don’t know, appropriate or poor) and open-ended questions and addressed background information on the respondents (age, gender, level of education, religion, and household size) and their socioeconomic status (occupation, land occupying status, and cultivated farm size in acres). We asked open-ended questions to evaluate the perceptions of the interviewees towards crop raiding langurs as well as the conservation of the species. The respondents were asked to rank how much different crop species were damaged, as rank 1 indicated the most damaged crop, rank 2 the second most damaged and so on until the least damaged crop. 2.2 Statistical Analyses The crops were grouped into three categories based on economic value and as well as they were easily cultivable: (1) important crops (banana, mango, jackfruit, guava, jujube, papaya, bean (Vicia faba), brinjal (Solanum melongena); (2) intermediate crops [sapodilla, sweet hog plum and sour hog plum, jute, pulses, litchi, and cauliflower (Brassica campestris)]; and (3) unimportant crops [cabbage (B. capitata), black berry, tamarind, custard apple (Annona squamosa), pomelo (Citrus decumena), ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentum), green chilli, horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera), betel leaf, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), sesame and coconut]. The seasons we grouped into two categories: (1) fruiting season (March - July) and (2) throughout the year. We used stepwise linear regression analyses to identify relationships between local perceptions and the different independent variables (Box 1). We used Pearson Chi-square tests to check for differences between the general responses of the respondents. All of the statistical analyses were executed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16, (SPSS, Chicago).