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Chemical Profile and Heavy Metal Concentration in Water and Freshwater Species of Rupsha River, Bangladesh

Samad M.A.
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh

Mahmud Y.
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Adhikary R.K.
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh

Rahman S.B.M
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Haq M.S.
Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Rashid H.
Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the chemical profile of the water and to determine heavy metal concentrations in water and muscles of certain freshwater fish and crayfish species of Rupsha River, Bangladesh. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined in six fish and crayfish species: Peneaus monodon, Macrognathus aculeatus, Gudusia chapra, Channa punctatus, Glossogobius giuris and Barilius bola. Fish and crayfish samples, as well as chemical parameters of water, were measuredin at three different sampling stations for six months during the year of 2010. Three sampling stations in the Rupsha River were - main industrial discharge site (S1), river site close to effluents from fish processing plants, brickyards and agricultural runoff (S2), and apparently low industrial waste discharge point but rich in sewage and municipal wastes admixing with Fe compounds from Shipbreaking yard (S3). The heavy metals concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Among the water quality parameters, the values of Dissolved oxygen (DO), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N), and Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N) were detected beyond the acceptable limit whereas pH and alkalinity were within the permissible limits, respectively. DO levels below and NO3-N levels beyond suitable limits indicated a low water quality of Rupsha River and therefore, a habitat unfavorable for fish and other aquatic animals. Heavy metals measured from the river water were Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn, and those from fish and crayfish muscles were Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Ni. The heavy metal concentrations in Rupsha River water were found within the permissible limits except for Fe. The mean Fe concentrations were recorded to be 0.68±0.48, 0.77±0.38, and 0.67±0.35 mgL-1 at sampling points S1, S2, and S3, respectively. The accumulations of heavy metals in fish and crayfish muscles were found within the permissible limits. However, bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for metals in fish and crayfish muscles showed unacceptable concentrations for Zn, Pb, and Mn. BAF results indicate that consumption of fish and crayfish species from Rupsha River is likely to exert health hazards for a human being.

Keywords: Chemical profile, Heavy metals, Pollution, Bioaccumulation factor, Rupsha River

Location: Rupsha River, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Fish, Heavy metal

Objectives:

The present study was undertaken to investigate the main water quality parameters and the level of heavy metals concentration in water and in six commercially important freshwater species Peneaus monodon(Fabricius, 1798; Asian tiger shrimp), Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786; Lesser spiny eel), Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822; Indian river shad), Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793; Spotted snakehead), Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822; Tank goby) and Barilius bola (Hamilton, 1822; Trout barb) of Rupsha river system.

Methodology:

2.1. Study Area The Rupsha River passed through Khulna Metropolitan City, was selected for the current study. Three sampling points were selected depending on proximity to pollution source: S1: at main industrial discharge point near glass and plastic industries, chemical complexes, paint and dye manufacturing plants several soap and detergent factories, paper mills and steel mills; S2: near Rupsha fish market and Rupsha ghat where the effluents of fish processing plants, wastes of brickyards and the wastes from agricultural runoff are discharged; S3: at low industrial discharge area in which sewage and municipal wastes unwanted residues admixing with Fe2O3.2H2O resulted from the activities of Shipbreaking yard are directly discharged. 2.2. Sample Collection: Samples were collected for 6 months from December 2010 to May 2010 at fifteen days interval. Water samples were collected from the three sampling points of the Rupsha River. The water samples were collected from 0.50m below the water surface using a 500 ml high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle acidified immediately with 2 ml of HNO3 per liter of water then transported to the laboratory and preserved at 40C until subsequent analysis. Fish species samples were collected from fishermen at the sampling sites of the Rupsha River during the sampling period. 2.3. Sample Preparation Water samples were filtered through a membrane filter. Muscle samples of fishes were taken with a knife after removing the skin. The muscles were fragmented, homogenized, and packed in a polyethylene wrap; stored at -20°C in order to be preserved for further analysis. Digestion procedures have been carried on the mixture of nitric acid, perchloric acid and sulfuric acid (3:2:1) for 1 hr at 120°C for fish muscles. Digested samples were then filtered with Whitman 42 filter and made the volume to 100 ml with distilled water.2.4. Sample Analysis Water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) were analyzed using HACK kit on the same day of sampling. The concentration of toxic metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe in water and freshwater species were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, UNICAM 969) following the standard method followed by. 2.5. Estimation of Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) The extent of bioaccumulation of pollutants in an organism can be evaluated by estimating concentration factors (C.F.)/accumulation factor/enrichment factor. BAF for any contaminant in the body of living organisms is expressed as the ratio of its concentration in the body of the organism and in the surrounding water where the organism lives. In this study, the bioaccumulation of the heavy metals (HM) in fish muscles was estimated using BAF using the following formula. 2.6. Data Analysis: Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the level of significance thereby being set at 5% (probability limit of P<0.05). Data analysis was done using SPSS software.

Source of Information: American Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 6, 180-186

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI:10.12691/env-3 -6 -1

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Chemical profiles of Rupsha River water indicate that most of the observed values exceed the acceptable ranges for fish. Among them, DO and NO3-N levels were in the critical state, always investigated beyond the suitable limits at all the sampling points in the present study. The recorded chemical profiles under this study suggest a prevailing state of the unfavorable, stressful, and the deteriorated environment as the fish habitat of Rupsha River resulted from the direct discharges of industrial effluents, sewage and municipal wastes, agricultural and urban runoff, etc without treatment. Among the detected metal concentrations, Fe content was found highest level in both river water and fish muscle samples and indicates the fish of this river may be frequently susceptible to gastrointestinal effects, especially constipation but also nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting as well as even gastric and esophageal ulceration of fish and human beings with chronic exposure. The concentrations of heavy metals measured in different species of fish muscles were higher than their concentration in Rupsha River water. The BAF values for metals indicate an increasing trend of bioaccumulation and fish consumption may cause many health problems and diseases if the current trend of bioaccumulation continues without taking stern measures for pollution management from the Government of Bangladesh.

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