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Research Detail

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Kaniz Fatima Mohsin*
Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh

Tarana Ferdousi
Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh

The aim of the study is to find out the role of floating cultivation on livelihood practice of coastal people in Bangladesh. Floating cultivation, locally termed as vashomanchash, is an indigenous cropping technique that the farmers of the coastal belt are widely practicing in submerged land. This study is confined in Barishal district. Two unions namely Illuhar and Bishwarkandi from Banaripara Upazila of the district were selected as the study area. The sample size is 80 and all of them were purposively selected, who are engaged in floating cultivation in the study area. In measuring the role of floating cultivation on livelihood practice, Sustainable Livelihood Framework was used proposed by Ian Scoones (1998). In identifying the motivational factor to be engaged in floating cultivation, weighted mean index has been calculated. The study found that most of the surveyed farmers (60 percent) of the area learnt the floating cultivation technique as an indigenous practice. Half of the surveyed farmers opined that the land in the area remains submerged for 5-7 months a year. About one-third of the sampled farmers produce rice, while another one-third keep the land fallow when the water is drained out. The main reason for being engaged in floating cultivation, as identified by the farmers is that floating cultivation provides income during disaster when all other livelihood options are mostly unavailable. The cost incurred in a season is about BDT 1000 for10floating beds whereas the corresponding income is about BDT 2000 per month from 10 floating beds. This profitability induces the farmers to engage in floating cultivation. The sustainability of a livelihood can be measured by outcome variables like the capability of the livelihood in creation of man days, poverty reduction, adaptive capacity and the preservation of the natural resource base. Considering these outcome variables, it could be concluded that this indigenous practice of floating cultivation is creating man days during disaster and thus assuring certain and uninterrupted income for the rural people which ultimately might have notable impact on poverty reduction, specifically in disaster period. Accordingly, this practice of floating cultivation could be replicated in other waterlogged areas in the country.

  Floating cultivation, Livelihood practice, Natural disaster
  In Bangladesh
  
  
  Resource Development and Management
  Floating agriculture

Floating cultivation could help keep on cultivation in an unusually long post-monsoon period. There are a number of alternative methods of floating cultivation that are being practiced, for example, ridge cropping system and hanging vegetable gardening. However, this research focuses on floating bed cultivation that are widely practiced in the coastal Bangladesh. 

Human activities have already caused some irreparable changes to ecosystem. Hence, it is necessary to think about how we will regulate not only the specific changes but also the new improbability about our future climate. This is particularly pertinent for developing countries, where it will be necessary to attend many institutional and capability issues in order to ensure sustainable livelihood approach through entire state of climate change. Since the objective of this research was to evaluate the role of floating bed cultivation practice on rural livelihood, Barishal district was selected as the study area because the area remain submerged for a longer period of time in post monsoon. Accordingly, to cope with this situation, floating cultivation is largely practiced as an indigenous method of cultivation in this region. Two unions of Banaripara Upazila were selected purposively from Barishal district. The sample size was 80 taking 40 farmers from each union, namely Biswarkandi and Illuhar. During the pilot survey, the researchers observed that most of the people in this area concentrated in this traditional practice. A purposive sampling technique was adapted to fulfill the objective of the research.. 

The study was mainly primary data based and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. To measure the sustainability aspect of floating cultivation as a livelihood option, Ian Scoone’s Livelihood framework had been used. The framework identified vulnerability as the key issue of assessing the sustainability of livelihood. There are two aspects of livelihood vulnerability: one is the external threat to livelihood security i.e. stress and shock and the other is the ability to cope with them i.e. adaptation and resilience. The livelihood outcomes are the gauge of sustainability: if a livelihood option can create adequate income without risking the continuity, that livelihood can be considered sustainable. The framework identified some outcome variables which could measure the extent of sustainability. The livelihood outcomes are the end results of the livelihood strategies, i.e. income, well-being, reduced vulnerability and improved food safety. The livelihood outcomes are altered from assets that depend upon the access to assets. Livelihood outcomes are not comparable, since assets change over point in time among people. Also some parts of the outcome are conceptual and subjective, which cannot be measured. Sustainable livelihood framework identifies five different kind of capital assets which are vital to make a livelihood sustainable: human, social, natural, financial, and physical.  Five livelihood assets are discussed below: Human assets: Human assets refer to peoples’ ability and knowledge, as well as good physical condition and ability to work, which together allow people to track different livelihood strategies and achieve their livelihood objectives. Human assets are necessary for making use of any other possessions available and are, therefore, required for creating revenue. Social assets: Social asset consists of social resources (for example, networks, social claims, social relations, affiliations, associations). Social assets are important, since they create a safety net and a buffer against shocks. The livelihood strategies are beneficial when social capital building lump together. Natural assets: Natural capital is the stocks, from which natural resources are being consumed. The natural assets represent the access to natural capital (DFID, 1999). Many people get their income directly from the natural resources, making the natural assets very important for their livelihoods. Floating cultivation is a natural resource based practice. Physical assets: Physical assets incorporate infrastructure, production equipment and technologies. All infrastructure and equipment supporting the livelihood are physical assets. As for instance, floating cultivation is an adaptive technology which might be an effective physical asset to defend shocks during disaster.

Economic or financial assets: Financial assets mean capital base (for example, cash, credit/debt, savings and other economic assets). This research showed how this type of floating cultivation practice would help vulnerable people to cope with capital requirement. To measure livelihood outcome of floating cultivation, three dimensions had been considered: environmental, social and economic dimensions.

To identify the main motivational factors of practicing floating cultivation based on the opinion of the farmers, Weighted Mean Index (WMI) had been constructed. The probable motivational factors to practice floating cultivation that have been incorporated in measurement of WMI.

  Khulna University Studies Volume 16(1 & 2): 89-102 : 2019
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

Floating cultivation is a useful method considering the economic, environmental as well as social aspects. But being a potential technology, this practice is deprived of sufficient attention from the policy makers. Though the cultivation technique would be a vulnerability resilient adaptive cropping mechanism, it is still largely practiced among the farmers as an inherited technology learnt from the ancestors, not largely spread in other parts of the country with similar water logging problem. Some GOs and NGOs are providing training but mostly confined in the study area. But the technology has to be diffused in other submerged areas of the country and research should be made to develop and spread this indigenous practice so that it could be replicated in other parts of the country. The availability of the basic raw inputs like water hyacinth sometimes become a concern as this input is collected from canals and ponds where they are produced naturally. Tragedy of commons may occur in that case as no one is responsible to care for that. Availability of bamboo and straw are also important for the cultivation technique. Over harvesting may be a threat to the production technique and the ecology. So, the sustainability of this probable sustainable livelihood option itself could be threatened due to the unavailability of raw materials. So, researcher should concentrate how the raw materials could be conserved and how this indigenous technique could be modified considering the regional requirements.

  Journal
  


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