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Research Detail

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Shukla Rani Basak
Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Anil Chandra Basak
College of Agricultural Sciences, IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammed Ataur Rahman
Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC), IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

During recent years, the Government of Bangladesh, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), semi-government organizations, private organizations and individuals have established a large number of plantations under different programs viz. social forestry, agro-forestry and avenue plantations with indigenous and exotic tree species without considering their habit and habitats. Along with the indigenous species likeAlbizia procera, Albizia lebbeck, Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica, Gmelinaarborea, Trewia nudiflora and Artocapus heterophyllous and many exotic species e.g.Swietenia macrophylla, Albizia saman, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia auriculiformis, Melia sempervirens, Acaciamangiumetc. have been planted randomly. With the increasing trend of climate-induced floods, millions of trees have been dying due to floods and water logging. The most affected species are Dalbergia sissoo, Albizia saman, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangiumandArtocarpus heterophyllusetc. This situation has caused severe impacts on the socio-economic conditions of Bangladesh. The impacts involved a significant loss in terms of investment, biodiversity and afforestation program. Little investigations have been conducted to find out the causes of the deaths and also to find out the suitable adaptation practices to reduce the impacts of floods on trees. This synthesis focused on the impacts of floods on plantations and also assessed the potential role of traditional forest management practices in addressing the effects of flooding on forests in Bangladesh. The study added important information and revealed knowledge gaps on the causes of large forest deaths. It also provided recommendations for policy on the establishment of frequent floods resilient tree crop plantations.

  Afforestation Social forestry, Exotic and indigenous species, Plantation policy, Climate change-induced flood
  In Bangladesh
  
  
  Risk Management in Agriculture
  Impact, Flood, Forest

Little or no investigations were made to assess the impacts and the causes of such loss of public property. This study has tried to ventilate the neglected and overlooked facts on forest plantation in Bangladesh and the absence of documentation of the huge death of trees due to flood and water-logging. The study also provided recommendations on how to develop an appropriate plantation policy.

This synthesis relied on ground based research work including selected interviews and information collected from different research findings, some of which was gray literature, while others were publications from different peer-reviewed journals or periodicals etc. Information was also gathered by attending workshops, seminars conferences and visiting research institutions and meteorological stations. Some information was collected directly from the stakeholders, rural and urban administrative bodies, farmers and NGOs. The impacts of floods on plantations and their bearing on climate change were studied and the traditional coping practices have been investigated; their efficacy is highlighted and compared with present practices to find out the mistakes as well as to integrate the scientific basis of the traditional knowledge regarding natural and artificial mechanism followed by the people of the most vulnerable region of the earth for thousands of years. The synthesis also benefitted from research work that was conducted in 2001 and focused on linking floods and water-logging to the death of Dalbergia sissoo, a native tree species of India, Nepal, and Pakistan (Basak, 2006. Fifteen districts of Bangladesh that have a large numbers of Dalbergia sissoo plantations that were severely affected by recent flooding were surveyed between February and June 2001. The study considered the health condition of each tree and trees were grouped into four categories such as slightly affected by flooding and waterlogging (0–25%), moderate (26–50%), severe (51–75%) and dead (76–100%)(Basak, 2006).

3. Causes and impacts of floods on plantations causes of floods in Bangladesh are related to multiple factors including climate change-induced erratic and frequent rainfall, cloud outburst, monsoon downpour, synchronization of flood peaks, sea-level rise (SLR), accumulation of sediments, river bed aggradation, deforestation in the upstream regions, soil erosion due to tillage, river dams, rapid urbanization, seismic and neo-tectonic activities and greenhouse effects (Khalequzzaman, 1991; Emery and Aubrey, 1989). The GBM has hundreds of tributaries and distributaries flowing from the Himalayan and Burmese ranges pouring trillions of cubic liters of water with 17,000 million tons of silt every year onto the floodplain and finally to the Bay of Bengal. Due to unplanned construction of road transportation systems, agriculture, urbanization and industrial expansion across the flood plains in recent years, the basins of the wet-bodies raised substantially, thus the water-holding capacity has been decreased significantly and floods have become a regular phenomenon every year. Millions of people lose their homes, livestock and crops. Trees and homestead vegetation are also severely affected and people lose their means of income, find no work and are forced to starve. Trees of 1–32 years old had been found affected by floods. It shows the extent of damage caused by floods in various districts of Bangladesh. In general, the severity of death had been found higher in the western districts of Bangladesh in comparison to the eastern regions (Banglapedia, 2006). The highest incidence was noted in Chuadanga (64.4%) and the lowest in Mymensingh(21.7%). Other districts suffering more than 50% death were Comilla, Meherpur, Kushtia and Rangpur. With the advance of time, healthy trees near the dead ones also died. Signs of damage show data on age-related death of Dalbergia sissoo trees; among the for Dalbergia sissoo classes, the age-class 17–24years suffered the highest rate of loss followed by the age-class 9–16 years. The lowest rate was found in the age class of 1–8 years. It was found that due to the severe floods of 1987–1988, the long period of inundation and also water-logging caused root rotting, permanent wilting, defoliation of the trees; and absence of air in the root system constrained respiration. It is recognized that in some plants there are two types of wilting, one is physiological due to either water-stress or water-logging and the second one is pathogenic which happens by the infection of fungus. In the inundated areas of Bangladesh, most of the Dalbergia sissoo plants died of susceptibility to conditions resulting from the long duration of floods. In addition,Fusarium solanif. Dalbergia being an opportunistic fungus created disease in some of the flood-affected Dalbergia sissoo plants.

  Weather and Climate Extremes 7 (2015) 43–4844
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

Every plant species has its own adaptation according to climate and physiographic conditions. Choosing a suitable plant for a specific place of the landscape is a prime issue that must be taken care of. It is the responsibility of everyone to consider a suitable environment for the growth of plants. Mere short-term gain must not supersede the long-term benefits of the nation and the society from a healthy plant environment. Since Bangladesh is a flood-prone country, the impact of floods and water-logging should be considered before choosing a species for a particular area. There should be a clear policy with necessary monitoring measures in place to encourage people to plant appropriate species that are adaptive to particular land at the proper time. It should be considered an offense punishable by law to ignore such measures. BFD should consider the habit and habitats of the plants before advising people about plantation activities to avoid such damages in the future. Moreover, proper documentation of the deaths, epidemics, illegal logging and deforestation, and climatic adversity, etc. are needed so that appropriate measures can be taken against such events. Bangladesh is a Least Developed Country that depends on financial assistance and as result, it is pertinent that these funds are used to the benefit of the country.

  Journal
  


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