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Performance of Different Plant Materials as Protectant Against Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus Maculatus F. on Blackgram

M. A. Rahman
Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute, Ishardi, Pabna, Bangladesh.

M. A. Taleb
School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-1705, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Both leaf powder and extract of different plants viz: Nishinda (Vitex negunda Linn.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha F. Muell.), Bankalmi (Ipomoea sp.) and wood ash of babla (Acacia arabica Willd.); oil of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) were considered to evaluate their performance as grain protectant against the attack of pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) on blackgram for their oviposition inhibition, surface protection, residual and direct toxicity effect. In case of oil, the higher concentration (0.25%-1.0%) showed the lower infestation, lower oviposition, less adult emergence, less hatching percentage and higher inhibition rate. Neem oil was most effective in checking the insect infestation and allowing the least number of F_I adult emergence from the seed. The wood ash was found highly effective in prohibiting the adult emergence (F_I) with higher inhibition rate and showed reduction in seed damage and weight loss percentage over other treatment. The order of toxicity of three plant leaf extracts on pulse beetle were as such- nishinda> eucalyptus> bankalmi. The study clearly revealed that plant materials acted as insect antifeedant.

Keywords: Plant materials; Protectant; C. maculatus; Toxicity effect; Antifeedant; Mortality; Oviposition

Location: Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh and Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Black gram

Objectives:

To evaluate the effects of leaf extract, oil, leaf powder and wood ash as protectant of black gram against the pulse beetle, C. maculatus F.

Methodology:

An experiment was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Pulse beetles, C. maculatus F. were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh and reared on a diet of black gram in jar. Food media and black gram were collected from the village Maskanda, near BAU campus. Pulse beetles were maintained in the laboratory at 27-30°C temperature and 70-75% relative humidity. Fifty pairs of adult beetles (2-7 hours old) were introduced in the jar containing rearing media of black-gram. The jars were sealed and maximums of 7 days were allowed for free mating and oviposition. Afterwards the parent stocks were removed and the egg containing media were transferred to pre-conditional media of black gram in the breeding jar. The jars were covered with muslin cloth secured with a rubber band to prevent the contamination and escape of insects. Leaves of nishinda, eucalyptus, bankalmi; babla wood; and seeds of neem, safflower and sesame were collected from BAU campus for extract, powder, ash and oil preparation. 109 of ground leaves of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi were separately mixed with 50 mL acetone and the mixture was then stirred for 30 minutes (mins) in a magnetic stirrer and left to stand for next 24 hours (hrs). The mixture was then filtered through a fine cloth. The filtered solution was then boiled for solvent evaporation at 80-85°C in a water bath until the constant weight of extract was gained. Extracts were preserved in tightly corked bottles and stored in a refrigerator until their uses for insect bioassay. Approximately 500 g of leaves of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi were separately washed after their collection and then air-dried in the shade. Afterwards they were ground in an electric grinding machine and passed through a 25-mesh sieve to obtain fine dust. Babla wood was collected and dried in the sun. Then wood was burnt in an oven. After cooling, the ash was cleaned and collected and put in the jar. The jar was covered to make airtight for preventing air moisture absorption. A 25-mesh sieve was used to obtain fine ash. 1000 g seeds each of neem, sesame and safflower were ground in blender and soaked overnight in water. These seeds were boiled for 2 hrs and cooled. Scums formed over the liquid were collected carefully keeping the residue below. The collected scum was boiled for oil extraction. Oil of neem, sesame and safflower were mixed with pulse seeds at the rate of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mL/kg seeds. The oils were diluted with petroleum ether. Conical flasks containing 40 g seeds and oil mixture were shaken manually to ensure uniform application of oils with the seeds. After proper shaking the seeds were taken out and air-dried for an hour at room temperature. 10 g of treated seeds was kept in plastic pot. Five pairs (5 female and 5 male) of pulse beetle were then released in each pot and pots were closed with lid for next 7 days. Leaf powders of nishinda, eucalyptus, bankalmi and babla wood ash were separately mixed with rearing media of black gram at the rate of 2-3% by weight and the rest overnight. Ten gram of treated food black gram put into separate plastic pots (3.5 cm x 4.0 cm). Control pots contained only normal food. Ten adult pulse beetles were introduced at the centre of plastic pot containing food and closed with cover for next 7 days to allow them to oviposite. Whatman filter papers (80 mm in diameter) were separately soaked in a 2 or 3% solution of extract and then air-dried for an hr. The control filter papers were treated with acetone only. Then the treated and control filter papers were placed singly at the bottom of the petridish (90 mm diameter) and 5 g of pulse seeds were added on it. Five pairs of pulse beetles were released in each petridish and closed with covered with lid for next 7 days to lay eggs. Leaf extracts of nishinda, eucalyptus and bankalmi were diluted with acetone to make 2, 4 and 6 percent solution. Five pairs of adult pulse beetles (2-3 days old) were taken at the centre of the filter paper and they were dipped for 3-5 seconds in diluted extract solution. Then the insects were returned to the petri dishes containing insect food (5 g black gram). Mortality was observed at 24, 48 and 72 hrs after treatment (HAT).

Source of Information: J Agric Rur Dev 1(1), 35-42, 2003

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In case of oil, the higher concentration (0.25%-1.0%) showed the lower infestation, lower oviposition, less adult emergence, less hatching percentage and higher inhibition rate. Neem oil was most effective in checking the insect infestation and allowing the least number of F_I adult emergence from the seed. The wood ash was found highly effective in prohibiting the adult emergence (F_I) with higher inhibition rate and showed reduction in seed damage and weight loss percentage over other treatment. The order of toxicity of three plant leaf extracts on pulse beetle were as such- nishinda> eucalyptus> bankalmi. The study clearly revealed that plant materials acted as insect antifeedant.The study clearly revealed that plant materials acted as insect antifeedant.

Knowledge Management: Journal