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Lead, Cadmium and Nickel Contents of Vegetables Grown in Industrially Polluted and N-polluted Areas of Bangladesh

HABIB MOHAMMAD NASER
Senior Scientific Officer
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701

N.C. SHIL
Senior Scientific Officer
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701

N. U. MAHMUD
Scientific Officer
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701

M. H. RASHID
Principal Scientific Officer and Head
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701

K. M. HOSSAIN
Principal, Scientific Officer (Ag. Econ.)
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) and in the rizosphere soils of the industrially polluted (Konabari, Gazipur; Keranigonj, Dhaka), and non-polluted (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute-BARI, Gazipur) areas were studied. Four samples from each area were collected during February 2008. Their concentrations varied with the metals and locations, showing the trend: Ni>Pb>Cd and directly polluted> indirectly polluted>non-polluted soils. The order of the elements in spinach, tomato, and cauliflower and their concentration ranges in tg/g of dry weight were Ni ( 1.265-5.369), (2.031-4.957), (1.698-4.447); Pd (0.767-1.440), ( 1.027- 1.968), (0.486-1.119); and Cd (0.559-1.40), (0.630-1.303), (0.506-0.782), respectively. Similarly, the order of the elements in rizosphere soils of spinach, tomato, and cauliflower and their concentration ranges in µg/g of dry weight were Ni (12.29-31.52), ( 13.67-31.98), (14.20-34.34); Pd (3.560-7.980), (3.900- 8.447), (3.718-7.337); and Cd (1.473-3.760), (1.553-3.833), (1.640-3.670), respectively. Lead concentration was higher in tomato, followed by spinach and the least in cauliflower irrespective of the location. Cadmium and Ni concentration were found in the order of spinach>tomato>cauliflower, especially in the industrially polluted areas. Concentrations of metals in vegetable samples were related to their concentration in the corresponding soils. Lead, Cd, and Ni concentrations in the studied vegetables were higher than those found in vegetables from other countries, but they were lower than the maximum level allowed in India. Metal transfer factors from soil to vegetables were found to be significant for Cd, Pb and Ni.

Keywords: Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Polluted soils, Vegetables

Location: Konabari, Joydebpur, Gazipur and Keranigonj, Dhaka

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal

Objectives:

i) To determine the accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables.

ii) To compare the heavy metal status of vegetables and soils in polluted and non-polluted areas.

Methodology:

Samples of soils and edible vegetables were taken from three agricultural areas exposed to different degrees of environmental pollution. Area 1: Direct pollution by industrial effluents, sewage sludge and municipal waste water (Konabari, Joydebpur, Gazipur). Area 2: Indirect pollution by Buriganga river flooding • (Keranigonj, Dhaka). The collected samples included spinach (Spinacia oleracea), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea). Both soil and vegetable samples were taken from four different places in each location . The plant samples represent whole parts of the plant of respective vegetable (fruits, curd, leaves, stems, and roots-wherever suitable; i.e., fruits for tomato, curd for cauliflower). Soil samples from rizosphere of respective vegetables (0-15 cm were collected with a stainless steel auger. The clean vegetable samples were air dried and placed in an electric oven at 65 ^oc for 48-72 h depending on the sample size. The dry vegetable samples were homogenized by grinding using a ceramic coated grinder and used for metal analysis. All soil samples were spread on plastic trays and allowed to dry at ambient temperature for 8 days. The soil samples after drying were ground with a ceramic coated grinder and sieved through a nylon sieve. One gram of dry matter was weighed into 50-ml beakers, followed by the addition of 10 ml mixture of analytical grade acids HN0₃: HCI0₄in the ratio 5: 1. The digestion was performed at a temperature of about 190 ^oc for 1.5 h. After cooling, the solution was made up to a final volume (30 ml) with distilled water. The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a VARIAN model AA2407 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). One gram of dry matter was weighed into 50-ml beakers, followed by the addition of 10 ml mixture of analytical grade acids HN0₃: HCI0₄ in the ratio 5: 1. The digestion was performed at a temperature of about 190^oc for 1.5 h. After cooling, the solution was made up to a final volume (30 ml) with distilled water. The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a VARIAN model AA2407 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Significant differences were determined by the LSD (probability level of 0.001 was considered statistically significant).

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 545-554, December 2009

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Their concentrations varied with the metals and locations, showing the trend: Ni>Pb>Cd and directly polluted> indirectly polluted>non-polluted soils. The order of the elements in spinach, tomato, and cauliflower and their concentration ranges in tg/g of dry weight were Ni ( 1.265-5.369), (2.031-4.957), (1.698-4.447); Pd (0.767-1.440), ( 1.027- 1.968), (0.486-1.119); and Cd (0.559-1.40), (0.630-1.303), (0.506-0.782), respectively. Similarly, the order of the elements in rizosphere soils of spinach, tomato, and cauliflower and their concentration ranges in µg/g of dry weight were Ni (12.29-31.52), ( 13.67-31.98), (14.20-34.34); Pd (3.560-7.980), (3.900- 8.447), (3.718-7.337); and Cd (1.473-3.760), (1.553-3.833), (1.640-3.670), respectively. Lead concentration was higher in tomato, followed by spinach and the least in cauliflower irrespective of the location. Cadmium and Ni concentration were found in the order of spinach>tomato>cauliflower, especially in the industrially polluted areas. Concentrations of metals in vegetable samples were related to their concentration in the corresponding soils. Lead, Cd, and Ni concentrations in the studied vegetables were higher than those found in vegetables from other countries, but they were lower than the maximum level allowed in India. Metal transfer factors from soil to vegetables are found to be significant for Cd, Pb and Ni.

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