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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon & Amorphous Silica from Rice Husk

M. T. Rhaman
Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. A. Haque
Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. A. Rouf
Institue of Fuel Research & Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Dr. Kudrat-e-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.

M. A. B. Siddique
Institue of Fuel Research & Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Dr. Kudrat-e-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.

M. S. Islam
Institue of Fuel Research & Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Dr. Kudrat-e-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Activated carbon (AC) was prepared by the conventional carbonization and KOH activation and amorphous silica was extracted by alkali extraction followed by acid precipitation from rice husk on a laboratory scale. The performance of the produced activated carbon and amorphous silica were examined using I2 value measurement, methylene blue (MB) adsorption test, pH measurement, FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis. The optimum temperature for production of AC was obtained at 700ºC. The AC by alkali extraction method was show higher activity than KOH activation. The maximum I2 value, MB adsorption value & pH value shows at 700ºC followed by alkali extraction with 15% NaOH, which were 510.82 mg/g, 61.1 mg/g and 7.32 respectively. The FTIR analysis shows presence of Si-O-Si bond with a strong peak at 1078.28 cm^-1. The SEM image of silica sample shows that the most of organic component is burnt out during combustion

Keywords: Activated carbon; KOH activation; Carbonization; Amorphous silica; Alkali extraction

Location: Gazipur area

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Rice

Objectives:

To production of AC and amorphous silica from rice husk and characterize for efficient utilization of waste materials.

Methodology:

The Rice husk has been collected from Gazipur in Bangladesh. The collected rice husk has 8-10 mm length, 2.0–2.5 mm width and 0.1–0.15 mm of thick. The chemical properties of the collected rice husk sample were determined by proximate and ultimate analyses. Proximate analysis has been done according to the American Society for Testing Materials. Potassium Hydroxide, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Thiosulfate, Iodine, Potassium Iodide, Potassium Iodate, Starch, Sodium Carbonate, Methylene Blueand Sodium Chloride. All chemicals except solvents were used as received. Solvents were dried by standard methods and distilled under an inert atmosphere.The rice husk was washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove adhering soil and clay and then dried in air at 105 ºC in an oven for 24 hours. The rice husk was milled and then passed through different sieves. The particle size between 500-250 µm was selected for further pretreatment.Activated carbon was produced from the above starting materials by carbonization in a horizontal tube furnace. The reactor is made of 1.5 m long steel tube with 100 mm internal diameter. The temperature is controlled by a proportional integral derivative (PID) temperature control and also a thermocouple placed at the center. To maintain the inert atmosphere purified nitrogen gas (99.99%) were used and flow rate was control by using flow meter. Preparation of Activated Carbon (AC) by chemical activation and preparation of Amorphous Silica by alkali (NaOH) extraction method shows respectively. To gain the knowledge of porous structure of activated carbon, iodine adsorption from liquid phase was adopted by other researchers in the characterization of sludge-based activated carbons. The adsorption of aqueous I₂ is considered a simple and quick test for evaluating the surface area of activated carbons associated with pores larger than 1 nm. The iodine value was measured according to the procedure established by the American Society for Testing and Materials. The mean values of data for each experiment were presented. Standard deviation was calculated from triplicate samples. Iodine Number is accepted as the most fundamental parameter used to characterize activated carbon performance. The methylene blue value gives an indication of the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon for molecules having similar dimensions to methylene blue. It is a quick method for comparing different batches of activated carbon of the same quality. The amount of standard methylene blue decolorized (in mg) by per gram of carbon (dry basis) is called methylene blue value. The higher number of methylene blue value indicates the higher adsorption capacity of activated carbon. Activated carbon carrying inorganic and chemically active group on the surface may alter the pH of liquids to which it is added. A predictive standard test giving a good approximation of actual conditions has been devised. In this case, the carbon sample was extracted with boiling water and the pH of the extract has been defined as the pH value of the activated carbon. The surface morphology of the amorphous silica was analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Philips, Quanta FEG 200 model equipped with an EDX spectrometer from Oxford instruments. XT microscope software was used for data acquisition and analysis. The measurement was performed at high vacuum mode with the accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Magnification range was 400X - 50000X and the resolution was ≥ 0.2 μm. FTIR analysis was made using IPrestige-21, FTIR-84005, SHIMADZU Corporation. Sample of 0.1 g was mixed with 1 g of KBr in a mortar. Part of this mix was introduced in a cell connected to a piston of a hydraulic pump giving a compression pressure 15 kPa/cm² . The mix was converted to a solid disc which was placed in an oven at 105ºC for 4 hours to prevent any interference with any existing water vapor or carbon dioxide molecules. Then it was transferred to the FTIR analyzer and a corresponding chromatogram was obtained showing the wave lengths of the different functional groups in the sample which were identified by comparing these values with those in the library.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(4), 263-270, 2015

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Experiments were conducted to investigate the potential of rice husk as a raw material for the production of activated carbon and amorphous silica. The optimum temperature for production of activated carbon of highest activity was obtained at 700ºC with KOH impregnated rice husk and NaOH extracted char. The result of silica yield (%) increase with increasing temperature and concentration of NaOH for extraction. The SEM image show that amorphous silica has porous and multifaceted particle shape and size & most of organic component is burning out during combustion. Experimental result show that it was feasible to produce activated carbon and amorphous silica from rice husk by the conventional carbonization followed by alkali extraction and by chemical activation method using potassium hydroxide as activating agent.

Knowledge Management: Journal