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Toxicity of Essential Oils Against Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium Castaneum (herbst) (coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Mina Mandal
Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

M Khalequzzaman
Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Contact and fumigant toxicity of the three essential oils, viz., cardamom (Elletaria cardamomum Maton), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees), and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Petry) were tested against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae and adults. Residual film bioassay was employed in Petri dish (5 cm dia.) for contact toxicity studies and 6 cm x 1.8 cm glass vials were used for testing fumigation actions. Three day old adults and 10- day old larvae were equally susceptible to the contact toxicity of cinnamon oil, with LD₅₀ values of 0.074 and 0.196 mg cm, respectively. Cardamom oil provided higher toxicity to 14- day and 18- day old larvae having LD₅₀value of 0.10 mg cm^-2. In fumigation bioassay cinnamon oil provided the highest toxicity to adult and 10-, 14-, and 18- day old larvae, with LD₅₀ values of 0.03, 0.05, 0.088 and 0.09 mg cm^-3 respectively. Furthermore, 10- day old larvae were more tolerant than the adults to the contact toxicity of the essential oils, but 14- day old larvae had the same susceptibility as the adults. In contact and fumigation toxicity adults and all stages of larvae were more resistant to clove oil.

Keywords: Bioassay, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Clove, Toxicity, Essential oil

Location: Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University

Start Date: 01-01-2003

End Date: 30-06-2004

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Insects

Objectives:

To determine the contact and fumigant effects on T. castaneum by testing a series of toxicological experiments using three essential oils, e.g. cardamom, Elletaria cardamomum (L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Meer and Perry).

Methodology:

T. castaneum were used in this study. All larvae and adults were obtained from laboratory cultures maintained in the incubators at 30 ± 1? and 70 ± 5% r.h at dark. The beetles were reared on wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1 w:w). The larvae of T. castaneum used in contact and fumigant toxicity experiments were 10-, 14- and 18- days old and adults were three to four days post- eclosion. All essential oils were procured from the pharmacy as of 90% purity and were further purified in the rotary evaporator in the Crop protection and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University. Series of dilutions of essential oils were prepared using acetone as a solvent. Aliquots of 1 ml of the dilutions were applied into 6 cm dia. petridishes for surface- film bioassay. The solvent was allowed to evaporate for 1 hour and the treated insects were transferred to petridishes. Controls were treated with acetone alone. Fifteen adults or larvae of the species were used for each concentration and 20 adults or larvae were used for control. The petridishes were kept in the incubator and mortality was observed after 24 h. Series of dilutions of essential oils were prepared using acetone as a solvent. Glass vials (6 cm long, 1.8 cm dia.) capped with polypropylene stoppers were used for the bioassays. Adult or larvae were transferred to the vials in groups of ten individuals and the vials were covered with fine nylon cloth secured with adhesive tape. Aliquots of 0.05 ml of the dilution were placed into similar vials. After evaporating the solvent, the vials containing the insects were turned upside down over the vials containing the oil so that the oil vapours saturated the atmosphere of the vials containing the beetles. Four replications of each treatment were set up. Controls were maintained in the similar way with the solvent only. The vials were kept in the incubator and mortality was observed after 24 h pose- exposure. Mortality data were corrected using Abbott's formula. The observed data were subjected to probit analysis using a software developed at the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, U K.

Source of Information: JOURNAL OF BIO-SCIENCE, THE INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY, Vol. 14, 2006, pp. 43-48, ISSN 1023–8654.

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In surface- film bioassay cinnamon oil offered the highest toxicity to adults and 10- day old larvae, whereas cardamom oil provided the maximum toxicity to 14- and 18- day old larvae. Cinnamon oil vapour (by fumigation) caused the highest mortality of various life stages of T. castaneum at LD₅₀ level. The adult were more susceptible than larvae to contact and fumigant actions. As the larvae grew older, they became less susceptible. Among the three essential oils clove oil was less toxic to T. castaneum to the contact and fumigation actions. In contrast to contact toxicity, adults were susceptible to the fumigant toxicity of all the three essential oils, and they were more susceptible than larvae.

Knowledge Management: Journal