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Studies on the Phenology and N Uptake Pattern at Different Levels of N Application in Irrigated Wheat

M. I. Khalil
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture P.O. Box No.4, Mymensingh

S. M. Rahman
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture P.O. Box No.4, Mymensingh

M. E. Haque
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture P.O. Box No.4, Mymensingh

M. Bodruzzaman
Wheat Research Centre, BARI, Dinajpur.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A field experiment with irrigated wheat was conducted in a sandy loam soil to study the phenological development and N content and its uptake at some growth stages under different fertilizer N levels viz. No - unfertilized check (control), N₁ - 60, N₂ - 120 and N₃ - 180 kg N ha^-1 as urea. Result showed that the wheat crop emerged 5 days after sowing of the seeds with a thermal time of 97.3 °Cd. Fertilizer N did not show any significant influence on early vegetative phases. The phyllochron for leaves 1 through 8 was 87 °Cd and the leaf tip appearance rate was around 0.014 leaves per °Cd. Five tillers formed between 12-28 days after emergence with a thermal time of 310.2 °Cd. Leaf area (LA) and Leaf area index (LAI) increased with the increase in N levels up to the anthesis period and thereby started decreasing. At grain filling stage, a decreasing trend in straw weight and a linear increase in spike weight after anthesis were observed. The spike N content increased linearly and straw N content decreased gradually with the advancement of crop growth. The total dry matter (TDM) production increased with the advancement of crop growth and it was more pronounced after anthesis. The rates of increase in TDM production starting from the Zadok's-30 were 50, 79, 102 and 110 kg ha^-1 day ^-1 for the No, N_1,N₂, and N₃ treatments, respectively. Like TDM, total N uptake by wheat remarkably increased after the anthesis period with the highest in the physiological maturity stage (39.5 to 150.2 kg ha^-1). Both the agronomic and physiological efficiencies of wheat for N decreased to some extent With the increased N rates and the total apparent recovery was extended to 48-48.5% The yield components corroborated with the increase in TDM and N uptake The increased rates of fertilizer N and their split application had significant contribution to the wheat growth and yield potentiality.

Keywords: Phenology, N uptake pattern, Wheat

Location: Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Wheat

Objectives:

To study the phonological development, and nature and frequency of N concentration in plant tissue resulting into N uptake pattern at different growth stages of wheat with a view to improve N use efficiency in cropping systems.

Methodology:

A field experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of the Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The soil represents Birgonj Series with the General Soil Type of Non-Calcareous Grey Floodplain soils, which belongs to Typic Haplaquepts according to USDA Taxonomy. The experimental area is at 25°38' N latitude and 88°41' E longitude. The soil is mostly loam in texture with acidic in reaction (pH: 5.4-5.7) and low in organic carbon content (0.16-0.79%). The experiment was carried out in a RCBD having 4 replications each with a plot size of 8 m x 6 m ( divided longitudinally into two halves for yield and sampling plots). The treatments were: No - No N (unfertilized check), N₁ - 60 kg N ha^-1 ,N₂ - 120 kg N ha^-1 and N₃ - 180 kg N ha^-1 as urea. The first installment (1/3rd) of urea was applied during final land preparation and the remaining 2/3rd at Zadok's-30. The other fertilizers were applied @ 100 kg P₂O₅, 80 kg K₂O, 20 kg S, 5 kg Zn and 2 kg B, ha^-1 as basal dose. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Kanchan), a widely used variety, was taken for the study. Irrigation water was applied at Zadok's-30 (7.6 cm) and later at anthesis ( 8.47 cm) based on the depletion of soil water using a neutron moisture meter (Troxler Model No. 3320). Data.on phyllochron, tiller formation and growth stages were taken from the N₂ treatment plots by selecting 5 plants from each replicate randomly. The thermal time with unit as degree-day (°Cd) was calculated from the daily mean temperature considering base temperature zero. Data on total dry matter (TDM) weight was taken by harvesting total above ground (TAG) material from an area of 2000 cm² and dried at 65-70 °C. Leaf area (LA) was measured by taking 10 plants from each replication using the upper most three leaves and multiplied by a factor of 0.835 as suggested. Plant samples were collected from the sampling area and crop N content was determined following the method. The growth stages include Zadok's-30(GS-1), flag leaf ligule emergence (GS-2), anthesis (GS-3), 8 days after anthesis (GS-4), and physiological maturity (GS-5). Data on grain filling were collected by taking dry weight of straw and spike separately along with the number of spikes. For this, plant samples were taken from the sampling area starting from 50% anthesis with an interval of 4 days and dried at 65-70 ºC. Data on yield contributing characters were recorded at harvest by taking 10 plants randomly from each treatment plot. The agronomic and physiological efficiencies of N including apparent N recovery by wheat were estimated using the criteria as stated by Bock (1984).

Source of Information: Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Agriculture. Vol: 15, pp: 41-50, 1999

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Wheat ranks second to rice in most of the Asian countries and spring wheat is cultivated during winter period. As the regions mostly experienced with low rainfall during the growth period of wheat, well-managed supplemental irrigation along with appropriate time and methods of fertilizer N application can increase yield potentially dramatically. The findings showed significant contribution of fertilizer N after anthesis to harvest concerning growth, N uptake and use efficiency resulting into greater wheat yield. A substantial contribution of soil N to early vegetative growth was also observed. The N uptake pattern at some growth stages indicates positive effect of split application for better N extraction and recovery.

Knowledge Management: Journal