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Ecologicoe-pidemiological Investigation of Coccidiosis in Chickens Under Commercial and Backyard Farming System in Bangladesh

A. N. M. A. QADIR
Department of Parasitology, BAU, Mymensingh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A field survey on coccidiosis disease situations in chicken of eight commercial poultry farms was conducted during July, 1988 to June 1989. It was observed that Incidence, seasonal predominance and mortality associated with coccidiosis in fa.ms managed with different objectives like broiler production, egg production, replacement flock production etc. were dependent on widely variable factors vlz. flock age, breed, population density, management practices and prophylaxis measures. In age group of 1- 90 days, mortality varied from-3.18% with usually two periods of seasonal predominance, monsoon and winter. Preventive measures adapted by use of chemo-prophylaxis or chemotherapeutics in different farms did not show significant difference in mortality. Similar survey in rural backyard poultry raisers showed 26-35% mortality in different topographic zones. Post-mortem examination of dead birds up to 12 weeks of age, collected from commercial farms, indicated prevalence of a breed to age-wise mortality pattern associated with coccidiosis, environmentally effect on sporulation of ooeysts in deep litter and open run was studied. Lowest sporulation was observe in monsoon and highest in winter in deep litter while in open run lowest was in monsoon and highest in post-monsoon. By use of special feeder and waterer in backyard management a reduction of 93% oocyst output and 47% mortality due to coccidiosis could ~a- achieved. Induced immunity against coccidiosis through limited exposure to infection prior to risk period showed significant differences in clinical manifestation and mortality. About 81% reduction in oocyst output and 40% in mortality occurred over a period of 30 days. Body weight gain was observed 25% over a period of 60 days.

Keywords: Ecology. Epidemiology, Caecal coccidiosis, Seasonal predominance,Environmental factors

Location:

Start Date: 00-07-1988

End Date: 00-06-1989

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Chicken

Objectives:

To study the ecological investigation of coccidiosis in chickens under commercial and backyard farming system in Bangladesh

Methodology:

A survey was conducted over commercial poultry farms of different sizes and rural backward family poultry raisers. Information about flock population, breed, seasonal incidence of coccidiosis, susceptible age, morbidity mortality along with various management practices like housing, feeding, prophylactic measures etc. were recorded during the period of July 1988 to June, 1989. During this period 4 experiments were conducted

Experiment I.

Breed to age- wise mortality pattern associated with coccidiosis in commercial farms were studied. For this purpose. postmortem examination of 342 fresh dead birds up to 12 weeks of age were carried out and deaths associated with coccidiosis was deter mined and recorded.

Experiment II

Environmental effect on exogenous development of oocysts on the ground was studied. For this, sporulation percentage of oocysts on the ground materials at different seasons was determined. Its co-relation with the environmental factors, like air tempera- ture and humidity; rainfall; moisture per cent of bedding materials and Its temperature on the ground; and tem- perature and moisture of the surface soli under direct sun in backyar open run; of tne four seasons in a year were compared.

Experiment III.

Use of special feeder and watered with the device that minimize the possibility of contamination by droppings was compared with the traditional feeding and watering practices on backyard management and Its effectiveness towards reducing coccidial infection was studied. For this pur- pose, tow small enclosed runs of 1000 sq .ft. each was contaminated artificially by faces of infected birds for a period of 2 months. Special and traditional feeding and watering management were [compared in these two runs by determining infectivity in 2 groups of randomly selected birds raised coccldia free.

Experiment IV

Possibility of inducing protective immunity in chicks prior to risk period through limited exposures to coccidial infection was studied. For this pur- pose, one group of chicks were allo- wed in an artificially contaminated open run for 10-12 hrs, daily and that of another group 2-3 hrs. only for 11- 20 days of age. Then both the groC1p were exposed to the same run 10-12 hrs. daily for 21-30 days of age. The degree of infectivity of these 2 groups were then compared with the control group by determining intensity of oocyst output, morbidity and mortality.

Source of Information: Proc. BAU Res. Progress 1990 : 153-161

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It was observed that Incidence, seasonal predominance and mortality associated with coccidiosis in fa.ms managed with different objectives like broiler production, egg production, replacement flock production etc. were dependent on widely variable factors vlz. flock age, breed, population density, management practices and prophylaxis measures. In age group of 1- 90 days, mortality varied from-3.18% with usually two periods of seasonal predominance, monsoon and winter. Preventive measures adapted by use of chemo-prophylaxis or chemotherapeutics in different farms did not show significant difference in mortality. Similar survey in rural backyard poultry raisers showed 26-35% mortality in different topographic zones. Post-mortem examination of dead birds up to 12 weeks of age, collected from commercial farms, indicated prevalence of a breed to age-wise mortality pattern associated with coccidiosis, I nvironmental effect on sporulation of ooeysts in deep litter and open run was studied. Lowest sporulation was observe in monsoon and highest in winter in deep litter while in open run lowest was in monsoon and highest in post-monsoon. By use of special feeder and waterer in backyard management a reduction of 93% oocyst output and 47% mortality due to coccidiosis could be achieved. Induced immunity against coccidiosis through limited exposure to infection prior to risk period showed significant differences in clinical manifestation and mortality. About 81% reduction in oocyst output and 40% in mortality occurred over a period of 30 days. Body weight gain was observed 25% over a period of 60 days.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings