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Growth Stage Sensitivity of Wheat to Irrigation Water Salinity

M. A. Mojid
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh–2202, Bangladesh

M. S. Mia
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-2100,

A. K. Saha
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh–2202, Bangladesh

S. S. Tabriz
Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh–2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The effects of irrigation water salinity (12 dS m⁻¹), imposed at maximum tillering (35−40 days after sowing, DAS) or booting (50−60 DAS) or grain filling (75−85 DAS) stage of wheat, on growth and yield of the crop was demonstrated. The experiment comprised four treatments – I₁: irrigation by fresh water (FW) at all three growth stages (control), I₂: irrigation by saline water (SW) at maximum tillering stage and by FW at other stages, I₃: irrigation by SW at booting stage and by FW at other stages, and I₄: irrigation by SW at grain filling stage and by FW at other stages. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block with three replications. Wheat was grown under three irrigations (each of 3 cm) and recommended fertilizer doses (120 kg N, 32 kg P, 62 kg K, 20 kg S, 3 kg Zn and 1 kg B ha⁻¹). Salinity of irrigation water imposed, separately, at the three growth stages did not impart significant (p = 0.05) negative influence on plant height, spike density, spike length, spikelets and grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. It, however, significantly hindered leaf area index (LAI), above ground dry matter (ADM), grain and straw yields, grain-straw ratio and water productivity of the crop. The least grain (3.622 t ha⁻¹) and straw (5.772 t ha⁻¹) yields, LAI (1.24 and 2.18 at 50 and 70 DAS, respectively), ADM (0.80, 4.78 and 7.66 t ha⁻¹) and water productivity (186.5 and 297.3 kg ha⁻¹ cm⁻¹) obtained under I₃implied that salinity of irrigation water imposed at booting stage exerted the maximum retarding effects on the growth and yield of wheat. Grain yield decreased by 13.4% in I₃ over the control, I₁. An increase in grain and biomass yields by 14.3 and 11.9%, respectively under I₂over I₁demonstrated a positive contribution of irrigation water salinity imposed at maximum tillering stage of wheat.

Keywords: Wheat, Growth stage, Irrigation, Salinity

Location: Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Start Date: 00-11-2010

End Date: 00-03-2011

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Wheat

Objectives:

To observe the effect of irrigation water salinity, imposed, separately, at different growth stages on cultivation of a locally developed wheat variety and identification of its salt sensitive stage(s).

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted during November 2010 to March 2011 in the experimental farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The experiment consisted of a single factor, irrigation water salinity, which was expressed by electrical conductivity of the water (12 dS m⁻¹). The treatments were – I₁: irrigation by fresh water (FW) at maximum tillering, booting and grain filling stages (control), I₂: irrigation by saline water (SW) at maximum tillering stage and by FW at other two stages, I₃: irrigation by SW at booting stage and by FW at other two stages, and I4: irrigation by SW at grain filling stage and by FW at other two stages. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block with three replications. The plot size was 3 m × 2 m, buffer space between adjacent plots was 1 m and that between adjacent replications was 0.5 m. Recommended (BARC, 2005) fertilizer dose for wheat (120 kg N, 32 kg P, 62 kg K, 20 kg S, 3 kg Zn and 1 kg B ha⁻¹ in the form of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, zinc sulphate and borax, respectively) was used. Two-thirds of urea and the entire doses of the other fertilizers were applied to the plots as a basal dose. The remaining urea was top-dressed at 20 DAS. Wheat seeds (cv. Shatabdi), @ 120 kg ha⁻¹, were sown at 2−3 cm depth in 20-cm apart rows on 23 November 2010. Weeds were uprooted at 33 and 58 DAS. Bavistine and Ridomil Gold were sprayed to the crop to control prevalence of insect pests. Soil samples were collected in 5 cm × 5 cm soil cores from five representative spots in the field before setting up experiment. The samples were collected at the middle of 20 cm depth increments up to 60 cm to know the initial soil properties. The depth-average soil-water content of the field was 0.35 (v v−1) at sowing. Irrigation was scheduled at maximum tillering (35−40 DAS), booting (50−60 DAS) and grain filling (75−85 DAS) stages. It is noted that one irrigation was planned at the critical root initiation (CRI) stage (20−25 DAS) but could not be applied due to 41 mm rainfall at 14−15 DAS. Leaf area index, LAI, and above-ground dry matter, ADM, in different plant parts of wheat were determined at booting (50 DAS), flowering (70 DAS) and grain filling (90 DAS) stages. The area of leaf was measured with an LI-3100 AREA METER (LI-Cor. Inc. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). Yield and yield attributes were recorded. At harvest, soil samples were collected from three plots as before to determine soil-water content, the average of which was 0.26 (v v−1). A combined analysis of variance of the growth and yield attributes, grain, straw and biomass (defined by the summation of the grain and straw yields) yields, and harvest index (HI) of wheat was done for the RCBD by using MSTAT-C (Russel & Eisensmith, 1983).

Source of Information: J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 147–152, 2013, ISSN 1810-3030

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Booting stage was the most sensitive growth stage of wheat variety ‘Shatabdi’ at irrigation water salinity level of 12 dS m⁻¹ followed by grain filling stage. Grain yield reduced by 13.4% when salinity was imposed at booting stage. Maximum tillering stage was the most salt-tolerant and salt-loving stage of this wheat variety. Irrigation water salinity at this stage improved plant height, leaf area index, spike density, grains per spike, above ground dry matter (at 50 and 70 DAS), grain and straw yields and water productivity of wheat over the control treatment. The sequence of salt tolerant stage was: maximum tillering> grain filling> booting stage. The observed responses of the three growth stages of the wheat variety to salinity have important practical implications for its cultivation in areas having limited fresh water but ample saline water (e.g., the coastal area of Bangladesh). Wheat can be irrigated with saline water during maximum tillering and grain filling stages. Booting stage needs to be irrigated with salinity levels at or below the salt tolerance threshold of the crop.

Knowledge Management: Journal