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Arsenic in Rice and Rice Straw

S. Chakma
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. M. Rahman
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

P. Islam
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. A. Awal
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

U. K. Roy
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

M. R. Haq
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Arsenic from groundwater affects people in Bangladesh via seed grains and forages. Samples of rice (Oryza sativa L) and rice straw were collected from arsenic-contaminated areas and arsenic concentration was measured using Flow Injection Hidride Generator Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FI-HG-AAS) method. The concentrations in rice and rice straw were 0.235 ± 0.014 ppm (n = 48) and 1.149 ± 0.119 ppm (n = 51), respectively. Both were greater than the maximum permissible concentration in drinking water (0.05 ppm; WHO).

Keywords: Arsenic, Rice, Rice straw, Comilla district of Bangladesh

Location: Daudkandi Upazilla of Comilla district

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Rice, Arsenic

Objectives:

The present study was conducted to estimate the concentration of arsenic in rice and rice straw collected from selected areas of Daudkandi Upazilla (sub-district) of Comilla district of Bangladesh.

Methodology:

The rice and its straw were collected from six unions (North Eliotganj, South Eliotgonj, North Mohammadpur, South Mohammadpur, East Mohammadpur, West Mohammadpur) in Daudkandi Upazilla of Comilla district and that has been identified as one of the most contaminated areas (DPHE-BGS, 2000). Sample preparation and digestion Rice: Rice samples were sun-dried. About 0.95 -1g samples were taken separately into digestion tube and 10 mL of 69% concentrated nitric acid and 70% of perchloric acid mixture at the ratio of 5:3 was added. The samples were left to react overnight in a chemical hood, then heated in a block digester (M-24 plazas/samples, JP Selecta, Spain) at 120ºC until colourless clear watery fluid appeared. Tubes were gently shaken several times to facilitate destroying all the carbonaceous material. This digestion converts all arsenicals to inorganic arsenic for FI-HG-AAS determination. Tubes were removed from the digestion block, cooled, diluted to 50 mL adding Millipore water, filtered through filter paper and stored in 50 mL plastic bottles. Rice straw: Clean and oven-dried samples were digested as described by Wang et. al. (2006) with modifications. About 0.45 - 0.50g rice straw was weighed after further drying at 60ºC to constant weight. It was taken separately into digestion tube and 7 mL of 69% concentrated nitric acid was added and similar procedures were followed as before. Detection of Arsenic Concentrations of arsenic in digested samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), model PG–990 equipped with a computer with atomic absorption (AA) Win software (PG Instruments Ltd., UK) as described by Samanta et al. (1999). Briefly, samples were spiked with standards at different concentrations. For constructing standard curve, working standards of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppb were prepared immediately before use by serial dilution of the stock in 10% hydrochloric acid. Samples exceeding the standard curve range were diluted again and analysed further. The concentration of arsenic in those samples was calculated by multiplying the appropriate dilution factor. Sample solution concentrations were determined by direct comparison with the calibration curve and the reading was automatically transferred to AA Win software. Concentration of arsenic in the sample was calculated from the following formula: Arsenic concentration (ppm) = (Concentration of arsenic in sample solution (μL) × mL of sample)/ (Sample weight (g) × 1000). The data were analysed statistically using Student’s t-test as described by Bailey (1981).

Source of Information: The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2012) 29(1): 1–6

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The concentrations of arsenic in rice grain (0.235 ± 0.014 ppm) and straw (1.149 ± 0.119 ppm) is four and 22 times greater than the maximum permissible concentration of Arsenic in food stuffs of arsenic in drinking water (0.05 ppm, WHO), respectively. The grain contains less arsenic than the straw. Since, many animals are mainly fed on rice straw, this is an alarming concentration of arsenic. Arsenic tolerance could be due to detoxification in some plant species (Mallick et al., 2011). Cultivation of arsenic-accumulating plants can be followed by cultivation of rice or other grains. Cucumis sativus (cucumber) has been found to be the best for extraction of arsenic from soil and water (Hong et. al., 2011).

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