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Molecular Epidemiological Studies on Rotavirus Infection Causing Severe Diarrhea in Human, Animals and Poultry

M. N. Alam
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

M. M. Alam
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

A. Nahar
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

N. Kobayashi
Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The epidemiology of rotavirus infection in human, calves, sheep, goats and poultry were studied. Among total of 800 collected fecal samples , 320 samples from human, 125 samples from calves, 82 samples from sheep, 7 samples from goats, 267 samples from poultry were collected from July 2010 to May 2011 and examined by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining (PAGE-SS) technique for the detection of presence of rotavirus dsRNA. Human rotavirus was detected 10.94 % (35/320) in diarrhoeic fecal samples. The highest prevalence was recorded in September 33.33% and the lowest in May 4.54%. The prevalence of rotavirus infections was 33.33% in autumn (September), 11.69% in late autumn (October- November), 9.6% in winter (December-January), 9.72% in spring (February- March), 6.12% in summer (April-May) season in diarrhoeic samples indicated the presence of rotavirus in human round the year in Bangladesh and as such no marked seasonal variation in rotavirus infection in human. No calves, sheep and goat fecal sample was found positive for rotavirus on PAGESS technique. During the study period, 267 faecal samples (diarrhoeic and nondiarrhoeic) of chicken (from one day to one month of age) were tested and only one was found positive on PAGE-SS technique for rotavirus infection (0.38%; 1/267). The positive cases were found in samples collected in winter season from layer chicks aged 10 days. The migration patterns of detected positive strains were not similar on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their migration speed was different types. Five electropherotypes were determined among 35 human rotavirus positive samples. All the electropherotypes were under group A and long pattern. The genome migration of avian rotavirus was distinct from human types and under group D and long pattern. In the present study, it was not investigated that bacteria, parasite or any other viruses which might be responsible for development of diarrhoea.

Keywords: Rota virus, Epidemiology, Polyacrylamide, Gel, Electrophoresis, Electropherotype

Location: Mymensingh

Start Date: 01-01-2010

End Date: 31-05-2011

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity:

Objectives:

Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus infection in human, animals (e.g. calves, lambs and kids) and poultry (both in broiler and layer) and to analyze rotavirus RNA electropherotype in humans, animals and poultry and find their relationship

Methodology:

The present study was carried out during the period from January 2010 to May 2011 in the Laboratory of the Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total of 162 human samples were collected from September 2010 to May 2011 from SK hospital, Mymensingh and Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh. Animal samples were collected from March 2010 to April 2011: 124 samples from calves from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Dairy Farm, surrounding areas of BAU, Chittagong Dairy Farm, Chittagong; Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Science University (CVASU) Dairy Farm; 82 samples from sheep , 7 samples from goat were collected from Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar and a total of 267 poultry samples were collected from different poultry farms of Khagrachari Sadar, Shomboganj regions of Mymensingh Sadar Upazila and BAU surrounding areas. The freshly voided stool samples were collected in sterile screw capped containers and in possible cases the samples collected directly from the rectum of sheep, goat and cattle inserting fingers equipped with thin rubber hand gloves. The poultry samples were collected from litters which were freshly voided. The faecal materials were kept in a sterile, screw capped container. In all cases 5-10 gms of sample were collected and precautions were taken to avoid contamination of one specimen with other. During sample collection, date of collection, age, sex, clinical signs, important clinical history and environmental situations were recorded. The samples were transported to the laboratory in container containing ice bag and stored at -20°C (until used for electrophoresis) as quickly as possible. The rotavirus electropherotypes were classified into two major distinctive groups, i.e. long patterns and short patterns, in which the migration of segment 11 rapid and slow, respectively (Kobayashi et al., 1989). Long and short electropherotypes were identified by comparing the migration pattern of RNA segment 11 with that of control ‘‘WA’’ strain (long electropherotype) and ‘‘SA11’’ strain (long electropherotype) of human rotavirus.before and after vaccination at 17 weeks, 21 weeks, 24 weeks and 28 weeks of age. Sera were separated and kept at -20°C until use.

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9 (2) : 167–175

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Difference of rotavirus distribution in male and female was not remarkable. The highest prevalence was recorded in September 33.33% and the lowest in May 4.54%.The prevalence of rotavirus infections was 33.33% in autumn (September), 11.69% in late autumn (October-November), 9.6% in winter (December-January), 9.72% in spring (February- March), 6.12% in summer (April-May) season in diarrhoeic samples. Only the long pattern of dsRNA of rotaviruses was found in this study. Five electropherotypes were detected in human rotavirus and one different electropherotype detected in poultry. The understanding of complete epidemiological features with regards to transmission between human, animal and avian rotavirus is most essential before introduction of human rotavirus vaccine in Bangladesh. In these regard further studies of human, animal and avian rotaviruses should be continued in different parts of the country to know the real status of rotavirus infection in Bangladesh, to understand the genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms of human rotavirus to develop a strategy for prevention of rotavirus associated diarrhoea.

Knowledge Management: Journal