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Sulfonamide Resistance in Chicken Coccidiosis: a Clinico-pathological Study

AMAM Zonaed Siddiki
Department of Pathology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh,

M Jahurul Karim
Department of Pathology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh,

Emdadul Haque Chawdhury
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Coccidiosis is a disease of great economic importance for the emerging poultry industry of Bangladesh. Sulfonamides have been used extensively for treatment and control of chicken coccidiosis. However, there have been complaints regarding failure of Esb₃ ® (sodium sulfachloropyrazine monohydrate; Ciba-Geigy) in treating clinical coccidiosis. Therefore this study was undertaken to examine the degree of sulfonamide resistance of field coccidian isolates. Four groups of 12-day-old chicks were infected with 104 sporulated oocysts of four field coccidian isolates. Each group contains four subgroups containing 8 chicks in each subgroup, among which one subgroup remained as infected untreated control and another 3 subgroups were treated with 30% Esb₃ ® @ 1 , 2, or 2.5 g/l of drinking water for 3 consecutive days. The sulfonamide resistance was assessed on the basis of faecal oocyst counts and clinico-pathological findings. There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in weight gain between untreated chicks and the chicks treated @ 1 and 2 g/l. However, a significantly higher (p <0.05) weight gains were noted in subgroups treated with Esb₃ ® @ 2.5 g/l. Chicks received treated with 2 g/l Esb₃ ® received similar clinical coccidiosis and histopathological changes but little less oocyst counts as found in untreated infected control chicks. Chicks treated with 2 g/l Esb₃ ® did not reveal clinical coccidiosis and revealed no or very minimal oocyst counts during the treatment period. But on histopathology, arrested or stunted parasitic stages were found during the treatment period whereas flourish parasitic development with subacute-chronic ulcerative caecitis was evident following withdrawal of treatment. These findings suggest that the drug only cause an arrested parasitic development rather than killing the parasite. Therefore, an alternative to the sulfonamides needs to find out for treating and controlling chicken coccidiosis.

Keywords: Chicken, Coccidiosis, Sulfonamide, Resistance

Location: Department of Parasitology and Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh.

Start Date: 00-12-1999

End Date: 00-03-2000

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Chicken

Objectives:

To examine the degree of sulfonamide resistance of field coccidian isolates.

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Parasitology and Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 4 caecal isolates (Eimeria tenella) were collected from 4 different poultry farms of Dhaka and Narsingdi district, during the period from December 1999 to March 2000. The oocysts were passed in 10-day-old chicks, cleared and sporulated for subsequent use. Twelve-day-old Starbrow broiler chicks were used. The chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups (Group A, B, C and D) containing 4 subgroups of each. Each subgroup contained 8 chicks and they were reared in separate cages. Each subgroup was infected with separate field isolate of Eimeria tenella. The infected inoculum was introduced directly into the crop of the chick using a plastic dosing tube attached to a 1 ml plastic syringe. All the chicks belonging to groups A, B, C and D were infected with 104 sporulated oocysts of field isolates 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. One subgroup each from group A, B, C and D were treated with Esb₃ ® @ 1 g/l of drinking water, one with 2 g/l and one with 2.5 g/l; whereas, one subgroup from each group was remained as untreated control. Esb3 ® was administered after 72 h of infection and continued for 3 consecutive days. Clinical signs, oocyst output and weight gain were recorded in groups A and B, whereas one chick from each subgroup of group C and D were sacrificed and necropsied regularly from 3 to 8 days post-infection (dpi).The chicks were observed very closely for recording the clinical manifestations. Faecal samples were collected daily and were prepared as follows: specimens were transferred in a container containing 2% potassium dichromate, homogenized by adding water. One ml suspension was again diluted in the saturated salt solution to make a desire solution (x10, x50, or x100). A drop of the suspension was withdrawn with the help of an ordinary plastic transfer pipette and the chamber of the McMaster egg counting was filled. After 5 min, the oocysts present in the two chambers were counted under microscope. The oocyst output per bird was calculated by dividing the figure by 0.3 and multiplied by the dilution factor.Chicks were weighed individually from the day of infection till the end of the experiment everyday at the same time, and the mean values were calculated. The whole intestine including the caeca was removed. Gross lesions were noted and additionally mucosal scrapings wereexamined microscopically to study the developmental stages of Eimeria tenella. Caecal tissues were collected and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The formalin fixed tissues were embedded in paraffin by routine methods. Sections were stained with haematoxylene and eosin4. Stained sections were examined for pathological lesions and as well as for coccidial developmental stages. For comparison of histopathological changes, caecal tissues of 8 uninfected untreated control chicks were examinedGroups mean values of weight gain of the chicks following infection were compared by a student’s t-test with N1 + N2-2 degrees of freedom5

Source of Information: Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 1, June 2008, pp 60-64

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Four groups of 12-day-old chicks were infected with 104 sporulated oocysts of four field coccidian isolates. Each group contains four subgroups containing 8 chicks in each subgroup, among which one subgroup remained as infected untreated control and another 3 subgroups were treated with 30% Esb₃ ® @ 1 , 2, or 2.5 g/l of drinking water for 3 consecutive days. The sulfonamide resistance was assessed on the basis of faecal oocyst counts and clinico-pathological findings. There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in weight gain between untreated chicks and the chicks treated @ 1 and 2 g/l. However, a significantly higher (p <0.05) weight gains were noted in subgroups treated with Esb₃ ® @ 2.5 g/l. Chicks received treated with 2 g/l Esb₃ ® received similar clinical coccidiosis and histopathological changes but little less oocyst counts as found in untreated infected control chicks. Chicks treated with 2 g/l Esb₃ ® did not reveal clinical coccidiosis and revealed no or very minimal oocyst counts during the treatment period. But on histo pathology, arrested or stunted parasitic stages were found during the treatment period whereas flourish parasitic development with subacute-chronic ulcerative caecitis was evident following withdrawal of treatment. These findings suggest that the drug only cause an arrested parasitic development rather than killing the parasite. Therefore, an alternative to the sulfonamides needs to find out for treating and controlling chicken coccidiosis.

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