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Effect of Applied Lead on the Growth and Accumulation of Lead in Indian Spinach in Three Textural Groups of Soils

M. G. KIBRIA
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.

K. T. OSMAN
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.

M. ISLAM
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.

M. J. AHAMMAD
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Indian spinach (Basella rubra L.) was grown in earthen pots containing soils of three different textures and treated with different levels of lead. The effects of Pb treatments on growth and uptake of Pb were investigated. At the highest dose of Pb ( 50 mg Pb kg^-1 soil) leaf, stem and root dry weight of Indian spinach were reduced by 22-34, 11- 43 and 30-47 %, respectively from control in clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil, respectively. Lead concentration in leaf, stem and root generally increased with increasing rate of Pb application. The highest Pb concentrations in leaf, stem and root were obtained at 50 mg Pb kg^-1 soil treatment and the values were in the ranges from 49.28 to 65.40, 57.72 to 77.51 and 46.69 to 71.78 mg kg^-1, respectively. Bioaccumulation coefficients of Pb in leaf, stem and root of Indian spinach were in the ranges of 0.63- 1.94, 0.82-2.21 and 0.37-1.09, respectively.

Keywords: Lead (Pb), Concentration, Indian spinach, Leaf, Stem, Root.

Location: Faculty Building of Chittagong University, agricultural field near Shahid Minar of Chittagong University, and Syed Para at Hathazari Upazilla under Chittagong district.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Indian spinach

Objectives:

The present study has been designed to investigate the effects of Pb on growth and accumulation of Pb in Indian spinach (Basella rubra L.).

Methodology:

Pot experiment: Soils of three different textures namely clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam were collected from (1) agricultural field located near new Science Faculty Building of Chittagong University, (2) ) agricultural field near Shahid Minar of Chittagong University, and (3) Syed Para at Hathazari Upazilla under Chittagong district from a depth of 0-15 cm on the basis of composite sampling method. Soil samples were air dried and larger and massive aggregates were broken down by gentle crushing with wooden pluck. Dry roots, grasses and other particulate materials were discarded from the soils and processed for pot experiment. A portion of the soils passed through 2 mm sieve was preserved for laboratory analyses. Particle size distribution was determined by hydrometer method of Day (1965) and organic carbon (wet –oxidation method) and cation exchange capacity of the soils by the method of Jackson (1973). Soil pH was measured by glass electrode pH meter using soil: water ratio of 1:2.5. Total nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method as described by Jackson (1973). Soil samples were digested with a mixture of HNO₃ and HCl at the ratio of 1:3 (Jackson 1973) for determination of total P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb. Phosphorus was determined by vanadomolybdo phosphoric yellow color method in nitric acid system according to Jackson (1973). Potassium was determined by flame photometer and Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian spectra AA- 220). A total number of 54 pots having diameter and depth 28 and 25 cm, respectively were used. Eight kilograms soils were placed in each earthen pot. The fertilizer doses of N, P, K and S (99 kg N, 18 kg P, 60 kg K and 18 kg S ha^-1) were applied from Urea, TSP, MP and zinc sulfate, respectively. According to Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (2005) recommendation, half N and K, and whole of P and S were applied during soil preparation. Five healthy and uniform seeds of Indian spinach were sown at equal distance in each pot. After two weeks of seedling emergence, one seedling was kept in each pot and different levels of Pb (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg Pb kg^-1 soil) were applied in solution form as lead nitrate [Pb (NO₃)₂]. Care was taken to keep uniform seedlings in the pots. Each treatment was replicated thrice and the pots were arranged in randomized block design. Remaining N and K were applied in two equal installments after 2 and 4 weeks of seedling emergence. Water was applied regularly in the pots to maintain the field capacity of the soils. Plants were harvested after five weeks of Pb application. Leaf, stem and roots were separately collected. Oven dry (65⁰ C to constant weight) weights of leaf stem and roots were recorded. Plant analysis: Oven dried (65⁰ C to constant weight) and ground plant samples were digested with ternary acid (HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and HClO₄ mixture at ratio of 5:1:2) (Jackson 1973). The concentrations of Cd in the digested solution were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra AA 220). Data analysis: The significance of differences between the means of the treatments was evaluated by one way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the significance level of 5%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was estimated to test the relations between metal concentrations in plant tissues and metal content in soils.

Source of Information: The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):113-124, 2010.

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Lead application in all the tree soils significantly reduced leaf and root weight of Indian spinach. Lead concentration in leaf, stem and root of Indian spinach generally increased with increasing application of Pb in soil from that of the control. The translocation of accumulated Pb in leaves was more pronounced in sandy loam soil in comparison to other two soils. A highly positive correlation between 0.1 M HCl extractable Pb in soil and concentrations of Pb in plant parts of Indian spinach was found in all the three soils

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