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Extraction of Alkaloids and Oil from Karanja (pongamia Pinnata) Seed

M. S. Rahman
Drugs & Toxin Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh

M. B. Islam
Drugs & Toxin Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh

M. A. Rouf
Drugs & Toxin Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh

M. A. Jalil
Drugs & Toxin Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh

M. Z. Haque
Drugs & Toxin Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study deals with the extraction of alkaloids and oil from Karanja seed. It was observed that Karanja seed grown under the soil and climatic condition of Bangladesh contains alkaloids and 32% of bitter, red brown thick oil. Using hexane as the only organic solvent alkaloids and oil were recovered from the seeds and defatted kernels by two extractions.. The oil and those alkaloids which occurred as free bases were recovered first with hexane from the dried crushed seeds. Then hexane-insoluble salts of the alkaloids retained in the defatted kernels were converted into hexane-soluble free bases by the treatment with aq. sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide. Then after the free bases, soluble in hexane thus obtained were recovered by another extraction with hexane. Thus a proteinaceous meal was obtained containing very low alkaloid without losing any proteins. The alkaloids which were dissolved in the oil were then converted into water-soluble salts by treating with aq. hydrochloric acid. Thereafter, the water soluble salts were completely removed by repeated extraction with water.

Keywords: Pongamia pinnata; Oil; Alkaloid; Extraction.

Location: Drugs & Toxin Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Development of Host and Medicinal Plants

Commodity: Karanja

Objectives:

The main objective of our present study is to find out a easier methodology which can be easily adopted to the existing technology of the extraction of seed to produce an low-alkaloid proteinaceous meal and edible oil.

Methodology:

Locally collected Karanja seeds were dehusked manually and the kernels thus obtained were crushed with a hammer mill and dried in the oven at a temperature of 1050C to about 4-6% moisture. The moisture content in the fresh kernel was determined by IUPAC methods [19]. The oil was then extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus for about 12 hours. The solvent was then removed using a rotary vacuum evaporator at reduced pressure and the percentage of oil was determined by AOCS methods [20]. The total nitrogen of the defatted kernel was determined using Micro Kjeldahl method. Protein contains were calculated by multiplying total nitrogen by 6.25. Total alkaloids were determined according to the procedure given by Ortiz and Mukherjee [21].

Extraction of Alkaloids from the Defatted Kernel and Oil According to the usual procedure [22] the alkaloids from the defatted kernel and oil were removed. Portions of the defatted kernel, 10 g each, were taken in glass stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks and mixed uniformly with definite amounts (up to 3.0 ml/g kernel) of sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide at various concentrations (up to 30%). Hexane of definite volume (5-25 ml/g kernels) was then added and the mixture was shaken for different periods (5-20 minutes) in a water bath at various temperatures (30-600C). Therefore, the extract was separated from the kernels by suction on a heated Buckner funnel and the extracted kernels were dried and analyzed. The oil was extracted 3 times in a separatory funnel with 2% of its volume of 5% hydrochloric acid in order to recover the alkaloids dissolved in the oil. The fat was then washed several times with water until neutral and its alkaloid content was determined titrimetrically.

Source of Information: J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 669-675 (2011)

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Karanja plant contains a large number of seeds which contain about 32% inedible oil. Like our developing countries Bangladesh is facing acute shortage of edible and industrial inedible oils. So, she has to import oils from abroad to meet up her demand in lieu of many foreign countries. To bridge the oil gap in the country extraction of oils from non-conventional oil-seeds has been taken into account. Under the above circumstances the Karanja oil can play a vital role in minimizing the shortage of inedible oil in the country to some extent. Again from these studies it is observed that most of the alkaloids contained in the seed meals and oil could have been possible to remove efficiently. So, these findings will open up a possibility to obtain an edible oil and meal from Karanja seed by refining, which will lead to a complete removal of the alkaloids.

Knowledge Management: Journal