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Contact and Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils Against Callosobruchus Maculatus.

I. Mahfuz
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi

M. Khalequzzaman
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Toxicity of five essential oils (EOs), viz. cardamom, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus and neem oils were investigated against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) adults, through contact and fumigation bioassay. In the contact bioassay eucalyptus oil was found to be the most effective in inducing mortality both after 24 and 48 h of treatments. The toxicity of the oils followed in the order: eucalyptus > clove > cinnamon > cardamom > neem. In the fumigation bioassay, however, a reverse result was obtained with eucalyptus oil where it shows the last position for 24 h and fourth position for 48 h after treatments. The efficacy in respect of the toxicity followed in the order: clove > cinnamon > cardamom > neem > eucalyptus after 24 h after treatment, and clove > cinnamon > cardamom > eucalyptus > neem after 48 h after treatments.

Keywords: Essential oil, Bioassay, LD50, C. maculatus

Location: Rajshahi and Chapai-Nawabganj

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Insects

Objectives:

In the present investigation essential oils from cardamom, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus and neem were studied for their contact and fumigant effects on the adult C. maculatus.

Methodology:

C. maculatus were collected from private store houses of Rajshahi and Chapai-Nawabganj district, and the cultures were maintained in the Crop Protection and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Mass cultures were maintained in earthen pots (2 kg) and/or large plastic containers (1.5 kg) and sub-cultures in beakers (500 g) or small plastic containers (100 g) with the food medium, the seeds of cowpea. The beetles were allowed to grow in natural environment as in traditional storehouse and checked in regular intervals. A huge number of pulse beetles were thus reared to set a continuous supply of the newly formed adults. The foods were kept in an incubator for sterilization, about 24 hours at 60°C to disinfest them. Then the seeds were thoroughly washed with tap water to remove dusts and other insect present in the materials and carefully dried under sun-light, having 13-14% moisture content. The sterile foods were than preserved in airtight glass jars (1000 ml) in order to impede further infestation. The five essential oils were Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.], Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees), Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry], Eucalyptus [Eucalyptus spp.] and Neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss]. The oils were dehydrated in a vacuum rotary evaporator and then collected in sealed glass containers and refrigerated in the dark at 4°C. The adult C. maculatus were used for the residual film bioassay which is treated with the oils separately. Fifteen pulse beetles were used in each of the three replications. Glass vials (5.5 cm long by 2 cm in diameter), capped with polypropylene stoppers were used for the bioassay. Pulse beetles were transferred to the vials in groups of 15 adults. The vials were covered with fine nylon cloth secured with adhesive tape. The doses used for cardamom, cinnamon and clove oils were 95.45, 63.63, 47.72 and 31.81 μg cm-2, whereas the doses used for eucalyptus and neem oils were 190.90, 127.26, 95.45 and 63.63 μg cm^-2. The vials containing the insects were then turned upside down over the vials containing the oil such that the oil vapours saturated the atmosphere of the containers containing the pulse beetles. The control consisted of a similar setup but without essential oil. This procedure was replicated three times. The vials were placed at room temperature with a photoperiod of 14 h light and 10 h dark. Mortality counts were made 24 and 48 h after treatment.

Source of Information: Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 26, 2007. pp. 63-66 ISSN 1023-6104

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In the present residual film bioassay eucalyptus oil was found to be highly effective in inducing mortality of adult C. maculatus. Clove, cinnamon and cardamom oils were also found to be effective as the LD₅₀ values are very close to the eucalyptus oil. Neem oil exhibited very high LD₅₀value in comparison to other oils after 24 h of treatment indicating its ineffectiveness in this regard. However, the difference in the results of neem oil with that of other four oils was decreased to a large extent after 48 h of treatment. The fumigation bioassay indicated that the treatment of eucalyptus gave the highest toxicity after 24 h of treatment followed by neem, cardamom, cinnamon and clove, and after 48 h of treatment the toxicity followed in the order of clove > cinnamon > cardamom > eucalyptus > neem. The present study demonstrated that the essential oils of clove, cinnamon and cardamom, exhibited toxicity to C. maculatus adults in both the bioassay experiments

Knowledge Management: Journal