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Study on Seed Borne Fungi of Ipil-ipil (leucaena Leucocephala) and Their Control by Plant Extracts

M. R. Islam
Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

Q.Y. Akther
Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

M.N. Yeasmin
Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

M.S. Ullah
Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

M.T. Islam
Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Investigations have been done to detect the seed borne infections of Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala ) and its control with plant extract. Seed borne fungi viz. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp., Botryodiplodia theobromae and Curvularia lunata were detected on two types of ipil-ipil seeds (newly harvested seeds and market seeds) following blotter method of seed health testing. The germination percentage was higher in newly harvested seeds than market seeds. Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) showed highest germination either in freshly or newly harvested seeds. Garlic (Allium sativum) was most effective in controlling seed borne infection of all the recorded fungi. The fungi Fusarium spp., Botryodiplodia theobromae and Curvularia lunata were effectively inhibited by dipping seeds in the extracts of clove of garlic for 15 minutes. The extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and neem (Azadirachta indica) were also effective against Fusarium spp., Botryodiplodia theobromae and Curvularia lunata. In all cases comparatively lower effect was recorded in case of onion and arjun extracts. However, vitavax-200 as check fungicide was found best as seed treating agent for reducing fungal population. The extract of garlic clove was the best in controlling all the recorded fungi among the five plant extracts.

Keywords: Seed borne fungi, Control by plant extracts

Location: Seed Pathology Center (SPC), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh

Start Date: 00-10-2007

End Date: 00-01-2008

Program Area: Development of Host and Medicinal Plants

Commodity: Ipil-ipil

Objectives:

1. To record the seed borne fungal pathogens associated with the seeds of ipil- ipil tree and to determine the effect of five plant extracts (Onion, Garlic, Neem, Ginger, Arjun ) in controlling seed borne pathogens of ipil- ipil.

Methodology:

The experiment was carried out in the Seed Pathology Center (SPC), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period from October, 2007 to January, 2008. Seeds of ipil-ipil trees were collected from the Botanical garden of BAU, Mymensingh and Momenshahi Seed Store, Mymensingh. The seed samples of Botanical garden were collected immediately after ripen of pod in October, 2007. The seed samples were tested by blotter method for the presence of seed borne fungi following the International Rules for Seed Health Testing Association. For each treatment 200 seeds with four replications were placed on 20 petridishes. The petridishes with seeds were then incubated at room temperature (24 ± 2⁰C) under 12/12 hours alternating cycles of NUV and darkness in the incubation room of the seed pathology center, BAU, Mymensingh. Time to time watering was made to keep the filter paper moist. On the 12th days of incubation the germination and the pathogen associated with the seeds were recorded. Here incubation for 12 days were maintained due to hard and thick of seed coat. Seed-borne infections of fungi observed under the sterio microscope at 20X were identified by observing their growth characters on the incubated seeds. The fungi were identified to species level, wherever possible. Temporary slides were prepared from each fungal colony, in the cases where they could not be identified under steriobinocular microscope. Identification of the fungi confirmed by preparing temporary slides and examining them under compound microscope. In fewer cases the fungi from the incubated seeds were transferred to PDA medium in petridishes asceptically and incubated under controlled temperature (28⁰C ± 1) for 3-10 days and then examined under compound microscope for their identification. The extracts of bulb of onion, clove of garlic, rhizome of ginger, bark of arjun and leaf of neem were used for the experiment. The plant extracts were prepared by chopping after cleaning in running water. From each plant sample, 25 gms were taken and macerated in a mortal and pestale and suspended separately in 100 ml distilled water. After 24 hours of soaking, samples were filtered through 3 folds of fine cloth. These filtrates were arbitrarily termed as standard and the filtrate was used as extract. The extracts were stored in a refrigerator at 4⁰C ± 1 until used. The seeds were dipped in plant extracts 1:2 concentration and duration for 15 minutes in previously prepared Onion, Garlic, Ginger, Neem and Arjun extracts. In case of control, seeds were treated only with sterile water. The treated seeds were then placed in moist blotters in petridishes, following standard blotter method. In case of Vitavax-200, 200 seeds were taken in a small conical flask. Fungicide of requisite amount (0.25% of seed wt) was taken into the flask and shaken to mix the chemicals thoroughly. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replication. Five petridish were considered as one replication. Two hundreds seeds were taken at random as per ISTA rules. Out of 200 seeds 10 seeds per petridish were placed in each petridish. The data collected from the experiment were analyzed for finding out test of significance and compared the treatment means following Completely Randomized Design (CRD) by using DMRT test at 5% level of probability.

Source of Information: J. Agrofor. Environ. 2(2): 193-196, 2008; ISSN 1995-6983

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It was found that Vitavax-200 as check fungicides was the best for germination and reduction of seed borne fungal pathogens but considering all aspects performance of selected plant extracts clove of garlic, rhizome of ginger and neem leaves were satisfactory. As Vitavax-200 is hazardous and serious threat to our ecology as well as our terrestrial and aquatic species of animal, use of plant extract is essential to keep our environmental pollution free.

Knowledge Management: Journal