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Application of Marker Assisted Selection for Livestock Improvement in Bangladesh

M Moniruzzaman
Lal Teer Livestock Ltd., Anchor Tower, 108, Bir Uttam CR Dattu Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

R Khatun
Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Dhaka, Bangladesh

A A Mintoo
Lal Teer Livestock Ltd., Anchor Tower, 108, Bir Uttam CR Dattu Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Molecular markers usually do not have any biological effect. They are identifiable DNA sequences, found at specific locations of the genome, and transmitted from one generation to the next. Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a novel technique that can complement traditional breeding methods for rapid genetic gains. Genetic gain through selective breeding is the objective of a breeder to achieve long term improvement in animal and plant genomes; however the pace of improvement is inversely proportional to the Generation Interval. Genetic improvement in livestock, particularly those with long generation intervals, requires decades for tangible results. Successful MAS breeding programmes require gene mapping, marker genotyping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection, genetic evaluation and finally MAS. Genomic selection is a form of markerassisted selection. Using markers covering the whole genome could mean potentially that all the genetic variance is explained; and the markers are assumed to be in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL so that the number of effects per QTL to be estimated is small. MAS drastically reduces generation interval and increases selection accuracy. Therefore, a breeding strategy based upon markers making the best use of the two approaches can facilitate rapid genetic gain though selection of markers related to economic traits such as milk and meat production. This review is designed to elaborate the technique of MAS and its application in developing countries.

Keywords: Livestock, Marker assisted selection, MAS, Breeding strategy

Location: Lal Teer Livestock Ltd., Anchor Tower, 108, Bir Uttam CR Dattu Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Variety and Species

Non-commodity: Cattle

Objectives:

To provide information regarding the technical aspects of MAS, the current application in livestock and applications in developing countries.

Methodology:

Only a small fraction of the DNA sequence typically makes up genes, while the major share of the DNA represents non-coding sequences, the role of which is not clearly understood. Molecular markers usually do not have any biological effect. Instead, they can be thought of as landmarks in the genome. They are identifiable DNA sequences, found at specific locations of the genome, and transmitted from one generation to the next. Their identification relies on a DNA assay, in contrast to morphological markers that are based on visible traits, and biochemical markers based on proteins produced by genes. Different kinds of molecular markers exist. They may differ in a variety of ways – such as the amount of genetic variation at each marker. The information provided to the breeder by the markers varies depending on the type of marker system used. Gene mapping: Identification and mapping of genes and genetic polymorphisms. Marker genotyping: Genotyping of large numbers of individuals for large numbers of markers at a reasonable cost for QTL detection and routine application for MAS. QTL detection: Detection and estimation of associations of identified genes and genetic markers with economic traits. Genetic evaluation: Integration of phenotypic and genotypic data in statistical methods to estimate breeding values of individuals in a breeding population. MAS: Development of breeding strategies and programmes for the use of molecular genetic information in selection and mating programmes. Validation of molecular markers: Extract the DNA from test individuals and find out whether there is one-to-one relationship with marker and the trait. 2. Extract the DNA of breeding population at the early stage and apply MAS. Select the individuals on the basis of presence of desired molecular markers for the concerned trait. The molecular marker systems described above allow high-density DNA marker maps (i.e. with many markers of known location, interspersed at relatively short intervals throughout the genome) to be constructed for a range of economically important farm animal species, thus providing the framework needed for eventual application of MAS. The next step is that putative genes affecting traits of interest can be detected by testing for associations between marker variants and any trait of interest. The first reported map in livestock was for the chicken in 1992, which was quickly followed by publication of maps for cattle, pigs and sheep. Since then, the search for useful markers has continued and further species have been targeted, including the goat, horse, rabbit and turkey. In a progeny-testing programme, the accuracy of selection depends largely on the number of offspring per sire and, hence, on the number of cows in progeny test herds available for mating to young unproven bulls. With genomic selection, accuracy is primarily a function of the size of the reference population that is used to estimate single nucleotide polymorphism effects, which in turn are used to compute GEBV of selection candidates.

Source of Information: The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2014) 31(1): 1 - 11

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It is reducing the quality of agricultural research and the nature of research collaborations between the public and private sector and between developing and developed countries. IPRs may also impact MAS in developing countries. The impact may be felt at a number of steps involving development and application of markers for genetic improvement. For example, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism molecular marker mapping technique is patented. Molecular markers can be patented, although this can often be overcome by using other markers near the gene of interest. Individual genes can also be patented. There is then public disclosure of the invention or information. Non-disclosure of information, where patents are not sought but the information on markers or detected QTLs is kept secret, can deny access to potentially useful information. Using markers covering the whole genome could mean potentially that all the genetic variance is explained; and the markers are assumed to be in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL so that the number of effects per QTL to be estimated is small. MAS drastically reduces generation interval and increases selection accuracy. Therefore, a breeding strategy based upon markers making the best use of the two approaches can facilitate rapid genetic gain though selection of markers related to economic traits such as milk and meat production. This review is designed to elaborate the technique of MAS and its application in developing countries.

Knowledge Management: Journal