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Constraints to Use of All-vegetable Feed Ingredients and Strategies to Improve Such Diets for Poultry Birds: a Review

M.A.Hossain
School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW-2351, Australia

P.A.Iji
School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW-2351, Australia

A.F.Islam
School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW-2351, Australia

M.M.Islam
Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chittagong Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulsi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Pathogenic contamination, disease transmission, meat quality, exorbitant prices, consumer and food safety, after all the ban of using feed ingredients of animal origin for livestock production, particularly poultry, are creating constant force over the poultry and its allied industries, to find out alternative feed resources for rearing modern chickens and other monogastric animals. The inexpensive and locally available vegetable feed ingredients across the world can be good alternative feed resources for poultry diets instead of using animal feed ingredients. Although vegetable feeds are a good sources of potential nutrients, but these feeds are known to have many constraints namely presence of anti-nutritive factors, lower protein quality, deficient in essential amino acids, lower biological values, higher rate of indigestibility, losses of quality in storage condition and so forth. These constraints inhibit the birds to utilize the feeds more efficiently and deprive them from getting full nutritional benefits, which result in poor performances. However, there are some appropriate strategies such as proper processing techniques, dietary manipulation, selection of suitable feed ingredients, feed formulation, crop breeding, feed supplementation etc., if properly undertaken, then the majority of the above constraints can be eliminated easily, and the nutritive values of these feedstuffs can be improved substantially. So this paper reviews the constraints of all-vegetable diets as well as appropriate strategies to improve such feedstuffs for economic poultry and other monogastric animals’ production.

Keywords: Limitations of all-vegetable diets, Animal by-products, Alternative ways, Amelioration of poultry diets, animal protein, Vegetable protein, Feed formulation, Broiler chicken and poultry

Location: Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chittagong Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulsi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Feed

Objectives:

1. To investigate the constraints(e.g. deficiency of essential amino acids, antinutritive factors, non-starch polysaccharides, indigestibility) of vegetable feed ingredients and compatible strategies e.g. crop breeding, feed processing techniques, nutrients supplementation( microbial enzymes, synthetic amino acids, protein concentrates, feed additives, growth promoter, fat or oil, premixes etc.) for eliminating the constraints of these feedstuffs, and thus ameliorate such ingredients for economic poultry production.

Methodology:

Constraints to use of all-vegetable diets for poultry - Protein and amino acid imbalance: Nutritive values of plant proteins depend upon their amino acid composition, presence of toxic materials, biological value, mode of digestion, and the changes are brought about during processing. Thus, the quality of a feed protein depends not only its nitrogen content, but also on other constituents such as amino acids, their availability, digestibility, and physiological utilization of specific amino acids after digestion. For poultry, evaluation of protein sources is based upon the amounts of the three major limiting amino acids, lysine, methionine and tryptophan, and especially methionine is necessary for chickens. However, numerous studies reported that, amino acids are imbalanced in the vegetable proteins, even though a single plant protein may contain all essential amino acids but not available in an ideal ratio or as per the requirement of the animals.Two or more plant protein feed ingredients together can make their proper availability in the diets. Moreover, the biological values, protein efficiency ratio, digestibility of vegetable or plant proteins are comparatively lower than the animal protein. With the exception of sulphur amino acids, all essential amino acids are supplied by the soybean meal in excess of the NRC. On the other hand, all the other plant proteins have multiple deficiencies. Cotton seed meal is deficient in lysine, methionine, and leucine, groundnut cake in sulphur amino acids, lysine and threonine and corn gluten meal in arginine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan. Corn gluten meal is notably adequate in sulphur amino acids in contrast to the other proteins. Besides, other plant feeds such as lupin seed meal, sunflower meal contain lower protein efficiency ratio because of a relatively low concentration of sulphur amino acids and low available lysine content. However, the provision of quality protein devoid of any essential amino acids is particularly critical in the early nutrition of young poultry. Amino acids represent the most costly feature of poultry diets and therefore continued studies to establish more precise nutrient requirements are merited. Many experiments have sought to elucidate the efficiency with which essential amino acids are utilized by the bird to support improved levels of egg, meat and broiler breeder production. However, poultry diets formulated with vegetable feed proteins along with animal proteins can make up the deficit of essential amino acids aptly, or when diets are fortified with synthetic amino acids can correct the shortage of indispensable amino acids to an extend. Anti-nutritive factors (ANF): Many feedstuffs commonly oilseeds and legumes that are fed to monogastric animals contain factors that interfere with the utilization of dietary nutrients. These compounds interfere with the utilization of the dietary nutrients in a variety of ways, including reducing protein digestibility, binding to various nutrients or damaging the gut wall and thereby reducing digestive efficiency. These factors, which cause depressions in growth and feed efficiency and/or affect animal health, can be defined as anti-nutritive factors (ANFs). However, extensive studies reported that cereal grains and vegetable feeds have got numerous anti-nutritional and toxic components that have detrimental effect on the nutritional value of vegetable and plant proteins. It is reported that this deleterious compounds interrupt the birds from getting full nutritional benefits if these feeds are used in their diets without proper processing.

Source of Information: BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL; ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 6, Issue: 1, Page: 120-135, September-October, 2011

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Despite these (above mentioned), the distribution of ANF, their physiological effects and possible steps to reduce ANF levels in vegetable proteins have been discussed by many researchers.

Knowledge Management: Journal