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Substrate Affects Growth and Yield of Shiitake Mushroom

M. Ashrafuzzaman
Professor
Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

A. K. M. Kamruzzaman
Researcher
Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

M. Razi Ismail
Professor
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

S.M. Shahidullah
Senior Scientific Officer
Rice Farming Systems Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701

S. A. Fakir
Researcher
Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Lentinus edodes (Berk.), the shiitake mushroom, is worldwide one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms. Sawdust is the most popular basal ingredient used in synthetic substrate formulations for producing shiitake spawn. However, the best sawdust for this uses needs to be determined. Shiitake mushroom was cultivated on sawdust from the woody plants Babla (Acacia nilotica L.), Champa (Michelia champaca L.), Garzon (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.), Ipil-ipil [Leucaena glauca (Linn) Benth], Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam), Mango (Mangifera indica L.), Raintree [Albizia saman (Jacq.) F Müll], Segun (Tectona grandis L), Shimul (Bombax ceiba L), Shisoo (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb) or mixtures of sawdust from all of the trees with equal ratio or rice straw to determine growth and fruiting characteristics. Cultivation on Jackfruit resulted in significantly faster mycelial growth compared to other substrates. With respect to fructification, culture on Jackfruit produced the first pinhead (primordium) earlier compared to other substrates. Numbers of primordial and effective fruiting bodies was highest on Jackfruit sawdust. Rice straw, surprisingly, did not produce any fruiting bodies as well as showing no yield attributes. Yield attributes including stalk length, stalk diameter and diameter and thickness of the pileus were significantly higher on Jackfruit. The lowest biological and economic yields were found when culture was on Champa. Biological efficiency and biological yield, economic yield and dry yield at the first and final harvests were highest with culture on Jackfruit and its use is recommended in the production of shiitake mushroom in the tropics.

Keywords: Lentinus edodes, Growth, Hardwood, Sawdust, Rice straw. Shiitake mushroom

Location: Mushroom center development project, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Start Date: 01-07-2005

End Date: 30-06-2006

Program Area: Variety and Species

Commodity: Mushroom

Objectives:

To evaluate the growth and yield of shiitake mushroom on locally available sawdust of different trees

Methodology:

The experiment was carried out at the mushroom center development project, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between July and December, 2005. Sawdust from Babla, Champa, Garzon, Ipil-ipil, Jackfruit, mango, Segun, Shimul, Shisoo, or Raintree, a mix of sawdusts from all trees in equal proportions, collected from the different sawmills, or rice straw, were used as substrates. The substrates were dried for 4 to 5 days fully exposed outdoors and then stored for 15 days. The experiment was laid out in a CRD with 12 treatments and replicated 5 times. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium was prepared using 200 g peeled and sliced potato, 20 g dextrose and 26 g agar in a litre of water. Clean sliced potato (200 g) was boiled in a litre of water until the tissues became soft. The potato extract obtained was subsequently heated and stirred after adding 20 g dextrose and 26 g agar. Heating was stopped when the agar was dissolved in the solution. The medium was allowed to cool before 10 ml each of the PDA preparation was dispensed into test tubes, corked and sterilized at 121^oC and 1.5 kg/cm² pressure. The test tube containing the sterilised PDA was kept in a slanted position. These slants were maintained to inoculate fungus. The agar and tubes were allowed to cool in upright position for plating and isolation. To obtain pure culture, PDA culture or tissue culture method was used. A small piece of tissue was collected from the fruiting body of shiitake mushroom and placed on the sterilized PDA medium under aseptic conditions. This was incubated at 25^oC for 7-10 days for sufficient mycelial growth. Pure cultures were obtained by subculturing. The mother culture was prepared by mixing sawdust and wheat bran 2:1 (v:v). Calcium carbonate was applied at 0.2% of the mixture. The moisture level of the mixture was maintained at 65% with tap water. Polypropylene bags (18 × 25 cm) were filled with 200 g of the mix and the air pressed out. The bags were sterilized in an autoclave for 1 h at 121°C under 1.5 kg/cm² pressures and allowed to cooled down for 24 h and transferred to a clean bench. A piece of pure culture medium containing shiitake mushroom mycelium was placed aseptically in the opening of the mother culture bags. Each sawdust (30% of volume) was supplemented with wheat bran (15%), rice husk (5%), calcium carbonate (0.02%) and water (50%) and thoroughly mixed by hand in bowls. Rice straw, cut into 2 – 3 cm pieces, was used without any supplementation. Polyprophylene bags were filled with 1 kg of each substrate, sterilized once at 121°C and 1.5 kg/cm2 pressure for 1 h and for several hours allowed to cool down to the desired inoculation temperature in a dark room. Each bag was stood up, the mouth was opened and the spawn (3% w/w) was placed into each bag at the approximate center using a sterilized metal implement. Bags were closed. The bags were subsequently placed, longside down, into a spawn running room at 20 - 23°C in the dark and 65 - 70% relative humidity until completion of spawn running. After completion of spawn running the temperature and relative humidity was changed to 19 to 20°C and 80 - 90% RH, respectively. The bags were slit and the cut portions folded back. Water was sprayed for maintaining moisture up to the desired level in the form of fine mist from a nozzle. To obtain a homogenous production it is necessary to undertake a thermal shock which consists in subjecting the substrate to a change in temperature namely lowering the temperature of the substrate to 4 - 10⁰C. This was done by placing the bags in a refrigerator for 24 h at a temperature of 4 to 10⁰C. Then the bags were taken to the fructification room and the plastic bags were taken off. During the fruiting process, temperatures of 15 to 20^oC, humidity of 80 - 93% were maintained in almost total darkness. The water used in humidification must contain 2 ml/L sodium hypochlorite at 5%. Production in each bag will gradually decrease until there is no more fructification because of degradation in the mycelium. Numbers of well-developed fruiting bodies were recorded. Dry and pinheaded fruiting bodies were culled, but twisted fruiting bodies were acceptable. Pileus thickness of 4 randomly selected fruiting bodies was determined with a slide calliper. Pileus and stalk diameters were recorded. Biological yield (g/1000 g) was determined by weighing the whole cluster of fruiting bodies without removal of base of stalks and the substrate. Economic yield (g/1000 g) was determined by weighing all the fruiting bodies in a packet after removal of the base of stalks and the substrate. The data from the study were statistically analyzed. Analysis of variance was performed and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT).

Source of Information: African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (13), pp. 2999-3006, 6 July, 2009

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1. Government

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Use of Jackfruit sawdust as a substrate appears to be most suitable due to improved growth and sporophore production and may be useful for large scale production of shiitake mushroom. Rice straw as substrate for mushroom production is not recommended since it did not support sporophore production. The production of mushrooms worldwide is increasing at an annual rate of about 10%. Mushroom cultivation has a special relevance to Bangladesh, because sawdust and other materials are abundantly available to our farmers. The findings made in the present study may be useful for large scale production of shiitake mushroom.

Knowledge Management: Journal