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Pathogenic and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Raw Milk of Jessore City: a Potential Food Safety Threat

U. T. Tasnim
Department of Microbiology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh.

M. T. Islam
Department of Microbiology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Milk is such a food which can meet almost all nutritional needs of human lives. Raw or unprocessed milk supports the growth of wide variety of microorganisms. The major interests of this study were examining the microbial quality of raw milk collected from different locations of Jessore city in Bangladesh and determining antibiotic susceptibility pattern of some isolated bacteria. To do so, 12 raw milk samples were collected from different areas of Jessore city. Microbial analysis comprised of enumeration of TVC, TCC and TSC. The highest TVC, TCC and TSC were 1.95x10⁹ CFU/ml, 2.5x10⁷ CFU/ml and 1.02x10⁷ CFU/ml respectively. Prevalent bacterial populations were Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp. Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. In order to observe the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for some randomly selected isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. More than 90% isolates of Klebsiella spp. were found to be resistant against Erythromycin whereas more than 90% isolates were sensitive against Imipenem. On the other hand, 100% E. coli isolates were observed as resistant against Erythromycin and in case of Trimethopreme 100% isolates were sensitive. Multidrug resistance pattern was also found. These results suggest the necessity of hygienic practices during handling, processing and post-processing of raw milk to improve the microbiological quality and safety of raw milk.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Bacterial load, Milk quality.

Location: Jessore city and its surrounding areas.

Start Date: 00-01-2014

End Date: 00-06-2014

Program Area: Food Safety and Security

Commodity: Milk

Objectives:

To find out the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pathogens in raw milk supplied in the city of Jessore, Bangladesh.

Methodology:

Sample collection A total of 12 raw milk samples were collected for microbial analysis from Jessore city and its surrounding areas during the period of January to June, 2014. About 100 ml of fresh raw milk were collected in a sterile sample container using a sample collector ice box at 4°C and were transported to the laboratory without delay. The bacterial count was performed by standard plate count method (ICMSF, 1986). The microbiological conditions of safety and hygiene were then assessed using the methods recommended by International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF, 1986). Serial dilutions of samples were made up to 10-⁷in sterile normal water. Bacterial count was carried out by the spread plate technique. The sample (0.1ml) of each dilution was taken onto each sterile petridish and evenly spread on different culture medium and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC) were done for enumeration using Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar respectively. Bacterial isolates were then identified according to the Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. Kirby-Bauer method was used in this study to examine bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents on Mueller-Hinton agar. Tested antibiotics were Amoxycillin (AML, 10μg), Ceftriaxone (CRO, 30μg), Imipenem (IME, 10μg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5μg), Streptomycin (S, 10μg), Tetracycline (TET, 30μg), Gentamicin (CN, 10μg), Nalidixic acid (NA, 30 μg), Chloramphenicol (C, 30μg), Trimethoprim-Suphomethoxasole (SXT, 25μg), Norfloxacin (NOR, 10μg) and Erythromycin (E, 15μg). The zone diameter for individual antimicrobial agent was then translated into sensitive, intermediate and resistant categories according to the interpretation table of CLSI documents on performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (CLSI, 2007).

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 71-78

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. In order to observe the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for some randomly selected isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. More than 90% isolates of Klebsiella spp. were found to be resistant against Erythromycin whereas more than 90% isolates were sensitive against Imipenem. On the other hand, 100% E. coli isolates were observed as resistant against Erythromycin and in case of Trimethopreme 100% isolates were sensitive. Multidrug resistance pattern was also found. These results suggest the necessity of hygienic practices during handling, processing and post-processing of raw milk to improve the microbiological quality and safety of raw milk. some of the isolated E. coli and Klebsiella spp isolates were multidrug resistant. Their multidrug resistance pattern is a matter of great concern because these bacteria may no longer be treated with conventional therapeutic drugs and they are also capable of spreading their resistance gene to other bacterial genera. According to some recent research, the emergence of drug resistant microorganisms is one of the most serious health problems in modern society, particularly in Bangladesh. Frequent use of antibiotics as medicine and in food of animal has resulted an increase in prevalence of bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobial agents. Besides, post-milking contamination with resistant bacteria from environment and food handlers also might play significant role. So, frequent use of antibiotics should be prohibited. In addition, proper training and hygiene practices during milking including post-milking process should be introduced to the dairy farmers; which could be effective to abolish the bacterial load or contamination of the raw milk.

Knowledge Management: Journal