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Studies on the Diseases and Mortality Pattern of Goats Under Farm Conditions and Some Factors Affecting Mortality and Survival Rates in Black Bengal Kids

M. Ershaduzzaman
Goat and Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

M. M. Rahman
Goat and Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

B. K. Roy
Goat and Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

S. A. Chowdhury
Goat and Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The research work was carried out from July 2004 to June 2005 and the place of research work was Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). The objectives of this work were to investigate the diseases and mortality pattern of goats and some factors affecting mortality and survivability rates of Black Bengal goats under intensive and semi-intensive management, in permanent house. Goats were only vaccinated with Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), administered with anthelmintics and dipped in 0.5% Malathion or 0.02% Diazinon solution to control endo- and ecto-parasites, respectively. They were allowed to graze 6-7 hours along with supplemental concentrate and green forages whereas ad libitum green grasses and concentrate were supplied to the goats managed under intensive management. The diseases were recorded mainly on the basis of clinical symptoms shown by animals and some by laboratory diagnosis; mortality was confirmed by some laboratory tests and clinical findings before death if any. Adult goats (>1 yr of age) died mostly due to suspected enterotoxaemia in the dry season (October to March) when there were shortages of green grasses in the grazing lands, which were confirmed by Gram’s staining and ELISA tests, and female goats died significantly more than male. Growing goats (3- 12 months of age) mortality was about 22%, died mostly due to diarrhoea and pneumonia and mortality was higher (nearly 40%) in hot and wet season (July to October). The overall kid (0-3 months of age) mortality within study period was about 29%, of which the major causes were infectious (63%) i.e., diarrhoea, pneumonia, ecthyma and enterotoxaemia. Excluding accidental causes (predators and mechanical) mortality was reduced to about 18%.Kid mortality was affected by birth weight which was just opposite to mortality. It was also affected by birth seasons, litter size, sex of kids, dam’s body weight at kidding but parity was no significant effect on kid mortality Kids like growing goats, also died significantly more during hot and wet season. Morbidity was higher in female goats where mostly diarrhoea and pneumonia and some sorts affected all age groups of goats by ecthyma. There were seasonal differences.

Keywords: Black Bengal, Diseases, Goats, Kids, Mortality

Location: Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI)

Start Date: 00-07-2004

End Date: 00-06-2005

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Goat

Objectives:

To investigate incidence of different diseases, mortality of goats and some factors affecting kid mortality in a research farm (BLRI goat farm) in order to develop herd health management system.

Methodology:

Agro-ecologically belongs to the Madhupur Tract (Agro Ecological Zone 28) of Bangladesh, Red-brown Terrace strong acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) soil with very little (< 1.5%) organic matter (Brammer et al., 1988). Mean annual temperature is 25.3⁰C but can be < 15⁰C for 50-70 days (December to February), < 20⁰C for 80-90 days (24th November to 18th February) and > 40⁰C for 0-0.5 day (during July). Total annual rainfall is about 2,000 mm during 5 months (June to October) with mean rainfall of 200 mm. (Weather report, Department of weather). In case of kid mortality the seasons were described as hot and dry period (March to June), wet and hot period (July to October) and cold and dry period (November to February). But in case of adult mortality it was divided into season I (April to September) when green grasses were available in the grazing lands and plots, and season II (October to March) when green grasses were not available. An almost constant of 400 goats of different ages and sexes including 80 kids, 60 growing goats, 260 adult goats (does-160, bucks-80 and castrated male-20) were maintained throughout the study period of July 2004 to June 2005. Goats under study were kept under intensive and semi-intensive rearing systems. Goats were housed in a permanent wooden floor house. Jute sack and rice straw or both were used as bedding when environmental temperature low (mainly during November to February) for all age groups of goats. Kids of both sexes, growing and adult goats (bucklings, bucks and does) were kept separately. Young kids were maintained in specially designed wooden brooding pen, metallic cages and wooden floor. All the goats were reared with two categories of feeding management i.e. concentrate plus green grass (April to September) and concentrate plus urea-molasses-straw (October to March). Kids from dam with insufficient milk were maintained by foster mothers or bottle feeding. Goats were allowed to graze from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm with 2 h rest (12:00 pm to 2:00 pm) when fresh drinking water mixed with molasses and salt were supplied. Napier grasses were also supplied ad libitum at night. A concentrate mixture (45% wheat bran, 20% khesari bran. 20% soyameal, 10% maize crushed, 2% protein concentrate, 1.5% salt, DCP 1.5% and 0.1% vitamin mineral premix) was provided twice daily in the morning and evening at the rate of 200, 250 and 100 g/h/d for bucks, does and growing kids, respectively. Selective breeding was performed here to avoid possible in-breeding and obtain maximum genetic gain. All the records of breeding (different productive and reproductive characteristics) were kept. Day-to-day care: Regular vigilance was performed to ensure feeding, herd health care, proper breeding, cleanliness of the farm. Morbidity was recorded daily on the basis of observed clinical signs and some by laboratory examinations. Suspected causes of mortality were clarified by taking history, clinical signs before death where showed, postmortem examination and in some cases by laboratory tests. Data were analysed by using Chi-square test of fixed factor contingency table and student’s t-test.

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 71–76

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The diseases were recorded mainly on the basis of clinical symptoms shown by animals and some by laboratory diagnosis; mortality was confirmed by some laboratory tests and clinical findings before death if any. Adult goats (>1 yr of age) died mostly due to suspected enterotoxaemia in the dry season (October to March) when there were shortages of green grasses in the grazing lands, which were confirmed by Gram’s staining and ELISA tests, and female goats died significantly more than male. Growing goats (3- 12 months of age) mortality was about 22%, died mostly due to diarrhoea and pneumonia and mortality was higher (nearly 40%) in hot and wet season (July to October). The overall kid (0-3 months of age) mortality within study period was about 29%, of which the major causes were infectious (63%) i.e., diarrhoea, pneumonia, ecthyma and enterotoxaemia. Excluding accidental causes (predators and mechanical) mortality was reduced to about 18%.Kid mortality was affected by birth weight which was just opposite to mortality. It was also affected by birth seasons, litter size, sex of kids, dam’s body weight at kidding but parity was no significant effect on kid mortality Kids like growing goats, also died significantly more during hot and wet season. Morbidity was higher in female goats where mostly diarrhoea and pneumonia and some sorts affected all age groups of goats by ecthyma. There were seasonal differences. These higher mortality in semi-intensive rearing systems possibly due to increased stresses on animal, to which they responded by higher diseases incidence and mortality. Further work is needed to reduce the adult mortality by management and preventive (vaccine) intervention. Work also need to reduce incidence of diarrhoea and pneumonia in kids and young goats.

Knowledge Management: Journal