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Growth and Yield of Wheat (triticum Aestivum) Under Deficit Irrigation

P. K. SARKAR
Principal Scientific Officer & Head,
IWM Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur

M. S. U. TALUKDER
Professor
Dept. of IWM, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh,Bangladesh.

S. K. BISWAS
Senior Scientific Officer
IWM Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur

A. KHATUN
Principal ScientificOfficer
IWM Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Timing and the extent of water deficit were studied in a field experiment on wheat (cv. Shatabdi) for three consecutive years from 2003-04 through 2005-06 at Jamalpur area. The effects of number and timing of irrigation application on yields were investigated under variable soil moisture condition in the root zone of different treatments. Eight deficit irrigations, including one no stress and one rainfed treatments were selected to subject the crop to various degrees of soil water deficit at different stages of crop growth. Measured amount of irrigation water was applied as per schedule prescribed for a particular treatment. Grain yield (GY), biomass, harvest index (HI), and water productivity (WP) were reasonably affected by deficit irrigation. Other yield contributing parameters like 1000-grain weight, grains/spike and spike, length were also affected by different levels of deficit irrigation. During grain formation stage, water deficit did not affect the grain yield but saved water significantly. Such water deficit treatments also shortened the grain maturation period. Differences in grain and straw yield among the stressed and no stress treatments are comparatively small, and statistically insignificant in some cases. The highest water productivity (2.02 kg/m3) was observed in treatment which was irrigated only once at crown root initiation stage (T2) although the yield was comparatively low. The CRI (crown root initiation) stage was found the most sensitive to water stress. Water stress at vegetative stage also reduced the yield considerably.

Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Water productivity, Leaf area index, Dry matter, Consumptive use.

Location: Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur

Start Date: 00-00-2003

End Date: 00-00-2006

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Wheat

Objectives:

The specific objectives were as follows: i) to investigate the impact of imposing water stress on growth, development and yield of wheat, and ii) to identify the growth stages of wheat more sensitive to soil water deficit.

Methodology:

The study was conducted at the research farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur during 2003-2004 to 2005-2006 years. The area lies on 24º 56′ 44.6″ latitude and 89º 55′ 86.9″ longitudes. The average elevation of the tract from mean sea level is 16.5 m. The climate is of temperate semi-arid monsoon type. The maximum mean air temperature ranges from 24ºC to 36ºC and the minimum from 10ºC to 25ºC, respectively. Mean annual precipitation is 1360 mm of which about 75 % occurs from June to September (Manalo, 1976). The soil series of the study area has been identified to fall under agro-ecological zone 9 (Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain). The soil of the experimental field was mainly silty loam type having an average apparent specific gravity of 1.52. Average field capacity and permanent wilting point were 30 % and 12%, respectively on weight basis. Wheat (cv. Shatabdi) was used as the test crop for the study. The experiment was laid out in RCBD design and replicated thrice. The selected treatment set-up was as follows. T1 = Rainfed (No irrigation) T2 = One irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI) stage T3 = Two irrigations: CRI and flowering stages T4 = Four irrigations: CRI, vegetative, heading and flowering stages T5 = Five irrigations: CRI, vegetative, heading, flowering and grain formation stages T6 = Four irrigations: vegetative, heading, flowering and grain formation stages T7 = Three irrigations: CRI, vegetative and heading stages T8 = Three irrigations: vegetative, heading and flowering stages T9 = Two irrigations: CRI and vegetative stages T10 = Two irrigations: heading and flowering stages Irrigation was applied as per treatment set-up. Data on time and amount of irrigation were collected during the whole cropping season. Important crop growth and development parameters like plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter (DM) accumulation were collected at different growth stages. Data on different agronomic parameters were also collected and duly analyzed statistically. Seeds were sown on 25th, 24th, and 21st of November during the three study years, respectively and the crop was harvested in mid-March of the following years. Seed rate was 120 kg/ha. Chemical fertilizers were applied as basal at the rate of N150P100K150 kg/ha as suggested in the Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (2005) for the study area. Plots were hand-harvested individually and a thresher was used to separate the grains. Soil water content for the individual plot was monitored gravimetrically before and after each irrigation. Soil sampling was done at depths of 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm. Consumptive use (CU) of the crop was calculated using the Equation 1 as follows. CU = ?S + P + I + D + R..................1) where: CU = Consumptive use (CU) of the crop, mm ?S = the change in soil water storage, mm P = precipitation (rainfall), mm I = irrigation applied, mm D = drainage from the bottom of root zone, mm R = run off, mm As rainfall intensity was very low during cropping season, no runoff occurred and drainage from the root zone was considered negligible since measured amount of water was applied. Thus, CU was the sum of rainfall, irrigation and the change in soil water storage.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(4): 719-732, December 2013 ISSN 0258-7122

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Water demand for proper growth of wheat is not similar at different growth stages. Some stages are very sensitive to water stress, whereas the crop easily can tolerate a slight soil water deficit during some other stages. Comparatively CRI (17-21 days after sowing) stage is much more sensitive to soil moisture stress than the following growth stages throughout the cropping season. If only one irrigation up to the field capacity is applied at that stage, as much as 80% of the optimum yield can be obtained. A negligible yield reduction (less than 2%) occurs if soil water stress is imposed at the grain formation stage subjected to irrigation applied at the previous important growth stages. So it is recommended that at least one irrigation at CRI stage should be applied to avoid drastic yield reduction in case of water scarcity. To attain an optimum yield, wheat should be irrigated at CRI, vegetative, booting, and flowering stages. Soil moisture deficit at the grain formation stage does not do a reasonable harm in respect of yield.

Knowledge Management: Journal