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Growing Significance of Mycobacterium Bovis in Human Health

Mahendra Pal
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis ababa University,P.B. No. 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia

Md. Tanvir Rahman
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh -2202, Bangladesh

Nigusa Zenebe
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis ababa University,P.B. No. 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Tuberculosis is one of the most wide spread highly infectious bacterial zoonotic diseases, and is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the world particularly in the developing nations. Mycobacterium bovis and closely associated acid fast bacilli cause disease in humans and animals. Humans can be infected with M. bovis where cattle act as the principal reservoir. Air borne infections continue to occur among the persons working in the meat industry, slaughterhouses, and in persons living in close physical contact with infected animals.M. bovis infection is recognized as an occupational hazard to abattoir workers, livestock handlers and veterinarians. The main cause of concern related to M. bovis in industrialized counties are epizootics nature of the disease in domesticated and wild animals. In addition, latent infection in immigrants particularly in HIV infected patients are also a big issue in developed world, since those people could be the potential source of TB for other people. The reemergence of M. bovis infection in captive and free-ranging wild animals, with subsequent transmission to domestic animals, is of concern to livestock producers and regulatory officials. As wild animals represent major reservoir of tuberculosis bacilli, it is imperative to investigate the role of wild animals in transmission dynamics of M. bovis infection. Further studies on the molecular epidemiology and development of safe, cheap and potent drugs to mitigate tuberculosis in highly susceptible population particularly in HIV/AIDS patients is emphasized. In addition, multidisciplinary approaches such as ‘One Health’ that comprise professionals from medical science, veterinary medicine and wildlife etc. are essential to take measures to control this devastating bacterial zoonosis.

Keywords: HIV infection, Human health, Mycobacterium bovis, Route of Transmission, Source of Infection, Tuberculosis

Location: Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Cattle

Objectives:

1. The present communication aimed to describe the growing significance of M.bovis in human, cattle, goats and pigs.

Methodology:

Source of infection and mode of transmission - Cattle serve as the principal reservoir of M. bovis. Humans can be infected with M. bovis where cattle are reared for milk production. Organisms are excreted in the exhaled air, nasal discharge, milk, urine, vaginal and uterine discharges and discharges from open peripheral lymph nodes. Animals with gross lesions that communicate with airways, skin or intestinal lumen are obvious disseminators of infection. In the early stages of the disease before any lesions are visible, cattle may also exert viable mycobacterium in nasal and tracheal mucus. In experimentally infected cattle excretion of the organism commences about 90 days after infection.Inter-human transmission of M. bovis is possible, but few cases have been confirmed. Pathogenesis - M. bovis enters the host though respiratory, alimentary, cutaneous genital routes. It may be self-limiting to fulminating disease with extensive tissue destruction. Miliary tuberculosis is the most severe form of disease with haematogenous spreading as a result of lysis of phagosomin to the macrophages. This releases bacteria into the blood from the primary foci and secondary seeding to various tissues. Bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages in the circulation and then become established in the lymph nodes. The cellular response attempt to control the pathogen results in an accumulation of large number of phagocytes, which leads to the formation of macroscopic lesion or a tubercle. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) emerges 10-12 days after infection, triggers the release of cytokines from T-lymphocytes. This activates the bacteriostatic effect of the macrophages and accelerates the recruitment of additional blood borne mononuclear cell into the site resulting in delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction. Necrosis results from the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. The gross appearance of tubercle is usually firm yellow rarely a yellowish caseous necrotic material or calcified tissue is observed.

Source of Information: Microbes and Health, June 2014, 3(1): 29-34; ISSN: 2226-0153 (Print) 2305-3542 (Online);

Article Link (Online Journal): http://journal.bsvmph.org/

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Mycobacterium bovis is the principal agent responsible for tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals, but also infects humans, causing zoonotic tuberculosis. The transmission route from animals to humans and vice versa is well known and the application of fingerprinting tools facilitates analysis of the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis in animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission.

Knowledge Management: Journal