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Development of Anthraquic Epipedon in Some Soils of Bangladesh

M. F. Ali
Soil Science Department, Dhaka University Dhaka, Bangladesh.

S. M. A. Faiz
Soil Science Department, Dhaka University Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Z. Karim
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

S. M. lmamul Huq
Soil Science Department, Dhaka University Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. S. Hussain
Soil Science Department, Dhaka University Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Paddy rice is the principal grain crop of Bangladesh. Traditionally transplanted aman in the shallowly flooded wet lands and broadcast aman in the moderately deeply to deeply flooded wet land used to be practiced in this country. With the introduction of high yielding variety of paddy rice during 1960s in place of traditional rice cultivation, high yielding variety of rice cultivation has become an usual phenomenon in Bangladesh. Their intensity varies from 100% to 300% depending on the variation of soil and land properties and socioeconomic potentials. With the expansion of irrigation and other modern management facilities the extent of this phenomenon has been increasing day by day. Consequently due to this continual artificial man-induced management practice many natural soil features might have undergone change. Four soil series under Ganges and Brahmaputra alluvium both from irrigated and non- irrigated conditions that have been used for rice cultivation for a long time were studied. Sara and Chior soil series under Ganges alluvium from Kushtia: and Sonatala and Chatail soil series under Brahmaputra alluvium from Mymensingh were selected for the study. The diagnostic surface as well as subsurface horizon of Sara, and Sonatala soil series under irrigated conditions has been changed and anthraquic epipedon was found to be developed. In case of non-irrigated conditions, Ochric epipedon has remained as their diagnostic surface horizon. Chior and Chatail soil series were originally under aquic moisture regime. Rice cultivation under non-irrigated condition could not bring any- major change uptil now in their diagnostic features. From this study a suggestion can be made that the anthraquic epipedon which is thought to form under continuous irrigation practices may be accommodated in the USDA soil taxonomy.

Keywords: Development, Anthraquic epipedon, Soil

Location: Kushtia sadar thana and for Brahmaputra alluvium-Mymensingh sadar thana, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Land development productivity

Objectives:

To identify development of anthraquic epipedon in some soils of Bangladesh

Methodology:

Two parent materials-Ganges and Brahmaputra alluvium have been selected for this study. For Ganges alluvium-Ganges-Kobadak project (G.K-phase-1) area under Kushtia sadar thana and for Brahmaputra alluvium-Mymensingh sadar thana have been selected. Two suitable catena, one irrigated and the other non-irrigated have been selected in both the area through field survey. Sara and Ghior series from Ganges alluvium and Sonatala and Ghatail series from Brahmaputra alluvium under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions have been identified for the study. A pit of 100 cm x 150 cm to a depth of 200 cm was dug for each study site. Morphological characteristics of the profiles have been described according to soil survey manual. Soil and mottling colour were recorded according to Munsell-soil color charts. The soil survey of the Ganges-Kobadak area ETAP report no 1071, FAO-Rome, Unger, 1959 and Reconnaissance soil survey of Kushtia district- and Reconnaissance soil survey-Mymensingh district were used as base materials. Though Kushtia sadar under Ganges-Kobadak project area (G.K) phase-l were brought under irrigation in 1956-57, yet the study site at Chorpara Belgharia mouza of Giarakhi union was successfully brought under irrigation in the year 1959. Broadcast aus/jute-rabi crops (mainly pulses) was the major crop rotation in the higher side of the landscape and broadcast aman-fallow was in the low land basin site. After the introduction of irrigation facilities HYV-transplanted aus and transplanted aman has been introduced in these area. The sampled area in Mymensingh sadar (Uparpar mouza) was brought under irrigation by deep tubewell by the year 1980. Since then, high yielding variety of boro and transplanted aman are grown in this area. Profile descriptions of Sara, Ghior, Sonatala and Ghatail soil series under both non- irrigated and irrigated conditions have been studied. Sara and Sonatala soils were normally under non aquic moisture regime. Due to man induced artificial prolonged irrigation practices for rice cultivation, the aquic moisture regime were imposed on these soils which is called anthraquic moisture regime and as a result anthraquic eippedon is formed in the surface horizon of these soils. Whereas Ochric epipedon remained for the non-irrigated conditions of these soils. Ghior and Ghatail soil series under Gangetic and Brahmaputra alluvium respectively were originally under aquic moisture regime because of their position in the low lying area. So rice cultivation under irrigation practice could not show any marked change uptil now in the diagnostic features of these soils. But the formation of many blue gleyans in the subsoil horizon upto a depth of 35 cm in Ghior soils indicates that under this prolonged irrigated rice cultivation the diagnostic subsurface horizon will be changed once.

Source of Information: Proceedings of Inter-congress Conference of Commission IV "Improving soil Management for Intensive Cropping in the Tropics and Sub-tropics", pp-137-140, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It may be concluded that anthraquic epipedon have been developed in Ganges and Brahmaputra alluvium of Bangladesh under man-induced artificial irrigated rice practice. As this phenomenon has become an usual practice throughout Bangladesh. It is thought that the anthraquic epipedon might have developed in other soils of this country. Brammer and Brinkman categorized this soils as surface water gley soils. In defining and describing the surface water gley soils they have considered the ferrolysis concept as the central point for all soils of Bangladesh that are seasonally flooded. Soil under gangetic alluvium land rich in free calcium carbonate do not correlate with ferrolysed soils. But anthraquic epipedon froms in these soils under an imposed aquic moisture regime for rice cultivation.

Knowledge Management: Journal