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Assessment of Tannery Based Chromium Eco-toxicity Through Investigating Regional Bio-concentration in Commercially Produced Chicken Eggs and Their Physical Properties

A. M. M. Maruf Hossain
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka

Syed Fazle Elahi
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka

M. Azizul Islam Kazi
Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M. Mustafa Mamun
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka

M. Moklesur Rahman
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka

M. Shahidul Islam
Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

In Bangladesh, among the routes of chromium eco-toxicity, feeds and fertilizer production from tanned skin-cut wastes is the most direct one leading to food chain contamination. The tanning industries of Hazaribagh are processing some 220 metric tons of hide a day with an associated release of 600 - 1000 Kg of tanned skin-cut waste (SCW) resulting from per ton processed hide. The SCW are protein-rich and are unscientifically used to produce protein-concentrates for poultry and fish feeds, and organic fertilizer. In view of the facts, a huge migration of chromium can happen into poultry products, fish and vegetables, and further bio-magnify into food chain. The target population of this phenomenon is also huge. Regional bio-concentration of chromium was investigated in commercially produced chicken eggs. Though the routes of distribution of this hugely produced protein-concentrates from SCW are unknown, eggs were sampled from Dhaka and its nearby other seven districts covering the central region of Bangladesh. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from each district's egg stock market while albumen and yolk in each egg were studied separately for all studies. Out of the 192 samples from 96 eggs, dry weight basis mean chromium concentration was found to be 1.9016 ppm with a sample standard deviation of 0.1502. The concentration levels were ranged from maximum of 19.8051 ppm to undetectable levels. Single poultry egg was found to contain a mean chromium content of 23.3809 μg, which exceeds adequate daily dietary intake of children up to 8 years of age as well as corresponds to major part for other age groups. The region-wise physical properties of the eggs were also studied which included USDA size grading by whole weight at raw condition, whole weight ratio of raw condition to complete boiled condition, weight ratio of boiled shell-albumen-yolk, moisture content of albumen of boiled eggs, and moisture content of yolk of boiled eggs. The mean whole weights of eggs at raw condition were within the range of 39.9568 g ('peewee' as per USDA size grading) to 62.4047 g ('large' as per USDA size grading), the mean whole weight ratio of raw condition to complete boiled condition ranged between "1 : 0.9704" to "1 : 0.9782", the minimum weight ratio of boiled shell-albumen- yolk for all sample classes were ranged from "1 : 2.0714 : 1.1549" to "1 : 4.8810 : 2.0677" whereas the maximum weight ratio ranged from "1 : 3.1933 : 1.4557" to "1 : 7.8084 : 3.3818", the mean moisture content of albumen of boiled eggs varied within the range of 82.8876% to 84.7636%, and the mean moisture content of yolk of boiled eggs were between 50.6563% to 52.5124%. These properties are of importance for local-level as well as basic researches on poultry.

Keywords: Heavy metal bio-concentration, Ecotoxicology, Egg science

Location: Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj districts Bangladesh.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Food Safety and Security

Commodity: Poultry

Objectives:

The present study is performed to assess the nature and extent of the suspected ecotoxicity through investigating regional bioconcentration in poultry eggs.

Methodology:

Study area and sampling - The study area constituted eight districts including capital Dhaka and covered the central portion of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Commercially produced poultry eggs were randomly sampled from each district's egg stock market. Twelve eggs were sampled from each district. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangail's egg stock market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts. In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. The collected samples are classified district-wise. Sample preparation - The egg samples were boiled in deionized water and after complete boiling albumen and yolk were separately oven-dried at 80^oC to remove all moisture. The samples were oven-dried unless the difference between two readings of weight was found negligible. Each of oven-died albumen and yolk were treated and analyzed separately. The samples were prepared by using HNO₃ - HClO₄ digestion. Since the samples were of organic origin with a very high organic content, HNO₃ - HClO₄ digestion was preferred over the more common HNO₃ extraction for the determination of heavy metals. This strongly oxidizing digestion decomposes organics quickly and efficiently. Sample analysis - Analysis of all prepared samples was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). BDH standard solution was used for preparation of chromium standard curve. Chromium determination was done in air-acetylene flame.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(1), 11-30, 2009

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

A number of facts can be of special importance regarding the findings. It can be likely that, as the exact routes of distribution of largely produced protein-concentrates from SCW are unknown, the affected areas may not be reflected in the areas selected for study. But as the sampling districts comprise the central region of Bangladesh, the tannery based chromium eco-toxicity can be quantitatively described for commercially produced chicken eggs with the results obtained for the mentioned region. Again, as there is no set Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for chromium, as well as the less toxic Cr(III) or the intermediates during reduction of Cr(VI) can be the ultimately responsible species for carcinogenicity, the results obtained for the selected region obviously carry importance, especially in regard to adequate daily dietary intake. But specific researches with the controlled application of the SCW produced protein-concentrates can exactly reveal the potency of the product for the bio-accumulation of chromium in chicken body and eggs. Research on the inventory of distribution routes of the product throughout Bangladesh will also help significantly to assess its ecotoxicity phenomenon. Besides, the inventory of physical properties will be of importance for local-level as well as basic researches on poultry.

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