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Sustainable T. Aman Rice Production in North-west Region of Bangladesh for Food Security Under Climate Change Situation

M A Sattar
Former Chief Agriculture Engineer
Irrigation and Water Management Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur-1701.

Mst. Irin Parvin
Research Fellow
Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Agriculture is always vulnerable to unfavorable weather events and climatic conditions. Despite technological advances such as improved crop varieties and irrigation systems, weather and climate are still key factors in agricultural productivity. The impacts of climate change on agricultural food production are global concerns, and they are very important for Bangladesh. Agriculture in Bangladesh is already under pressure both from huge and increasing demands for food, and from problems of agricultural land and water resources depletion. Thus the variability of climates, especially of temperature and rainfall, would cause major impacts on the yield of Aman rice. The rainfall is the main climatic factor that determines the supplemental irrigation requirement. The aim of the study is to attend Sustainable T. Aman rice production in North West Region of Bangladesh for food security under climate change situation. The paper highlighted assessment for the long term amount of rainfall for using Supplemental Irrigation in T. Aman rice and determine the amount of Crop Water Requirement (CWR)/Irrigation Water Requirement (IWR) based on agro-clirnatic information for T. Aman rice production in north-west region of Bangladesh. From the comparison between rainfall and Crop Water Requirement for last five years it was seen that every year effective rainfall is less than the Crop Water Requirement. Therefore, it was revealed that 75% of the farmers generally used supplemental irrigation for T. Aman rice production in very severe drought prone area, 60% - 80% of the farmers used supplemental irrigation for T. Aman rice production 111 severe drought prone area and 50% of the farmers used supplemental irrigation for T. Aman rice production in moderate drought prone area. Numbers of Supplemental irrigation varied from 4 to 8 and amount of Supplemental irrigation varied from 50 mm to 200 mm for different locations. Supplemental irrigation increased yield 2.24 ton/ha in very severe drought prone area, 1.66 ton/ha in severe drought prone area and 1.4 ton/ha in moderate drought prone area over rainfed condition. This indicates that climate change effect on crop production in the North-West Region of Bangladesh. Based on the status of severity of climate change some mitigation measures should be applied such as supplemental irrigation, water harvesting, maintaining levee height, adapting or cultivating direct seeded rice and early cultivation of T. Aman varieties for food security.

Keywords: T. Aman rice, Production, North-West region of Bangladesh, Food security, Climate

Location: Rangpur, Bogra, Rajshahi and Kushtia

Start Date: 01-07-2003

End Date: 31-12-2007

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Rice

Objectives:

1. To determine the amount of Crop Water Requirement (CWR)/Irrigation Water Requirement (IWR) based on Agro climatic information for T. Aman rice.

ii) To assess the long term amount of rainfall to be used for Supplemental Irrigation in T. Aman rice.

Methodology:

In Bangladesh the mean annual rainfall varies from 1400 to 5800 mm. About 90% of the total rainfall occurs during April to October. Despite the high mean rainfall during the monsoon months of May to September there is considerable degree of the year to year variability of rainfall as the drought affects the Aus rice crop adversely and abrupt ending of monsoon in September can create severe water stress to T. Aman. After October, rainfall is not sufficient for potential yield of rice and most of the Aman rice remains at the flowering stage and the grain filling stage. If water is not supplied at those stages rice yield will be reduced drastically. Water stress at the vegetative stage yield loss occur about 25% and reproductive stage yield loss occurs as high as 50%. In general, about 2 million hectares area falls under drought situation, which may reduced about 2 million tons of food grain during T. Aman season. Therefore, by proper technological intervention through drought management T. Aman production can ensure food security in Bangladesh. The term "Drought" refers to as an extended period of dryness caused by a precipitation shortfall during the crop growth period, resulting in a substantial reduction in yield. Drought means a different thing to different people and no universally accepted definition has so fare been developed. For determination of CWR, it is important to analyze the time intervals between rainfalls of a particular magnitude, keeping the unit of time short enough. In this study CWR/IWR was calculated by the water balance and relative water supply methods and CWR/IWR assessment completed by farmer survey using predesign questionnaire. Although the CWR/IWR analysis was carried out from (2003- 2007) T. Aman season. The last 10 days of the crop season was not considered in the analysis Rainfall data were (2003-2007) obtained from Bangladesh Meteorological Department and Rainfall data from were obtained from BWDB. It has been observed from a past study that if rainfall is in excess of 25 mm in a day, then all the incident rainfall is not effective. As such, if the incident rainfall was more than 25 mm in a day in T. Aman season, then the effective rainfall was corrected accordingly for Water Balance and Relative Water Supply. Rainfall were analyzed in different pattern such as last two decadal monthly rainfall variation. Last five years rainfall and average year rainfall variation, with climate change situation. Water availability during the crop growth season was also determined by using the concept of Relative Water Supply (RWS), which is defined as the ratio of water supply to demand by the crop. Field survey Farmers' survey was carried out in December 2007 and January 2008 for the selected locations in Rangpur, Bogra, Rajshahi and Kushtia districts. In each site crop production practices of 30 randomly selected farmers were surveyed during the study period using a predesign questionnaire to get information for providing supplemental irrigation. The basis of the selection was to emphasize data collection directly from farmers. Questionnaire was filled up by interviews with two categories of farmers: T. Aman cultivated by using supplemental irrigation ii) Rainfed T. Aman cultivation. The questionnaire was target oriented and at the same time flexible enough to accommodate the general impression of farmers about the overall effect of supplemental irrigation during T. Aman season in the study area. In addition secondary data were collected from BMD, DAE and BWDB.

Source of Information: Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Dec. 2010, Vol.38/AE(2), pp:11-19, ISSN:0379-4318.

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

From the water balance and relative water supply method it was found that Crop Water Requirement/Irrigation Water Requirement is different for different location as environment and soil is different. The analysis of the average rainfall in the last two decades (1986-95) and (1998-2007) for T. Aman season showed that due to climate change the amount of rainfall during T. Aman season is in decreasing trend for total T. Aman growth period in very severe (Rajshahi), severe (Kushtia & Bogra) and moderate (Rangpur) drought prone area. The minimum monthly rainfall trend analysis for the decades (1986-95) and (1998- 2007) showed that during decades (1998-2007) rainfall amount decreased 30- 240 mm in very severe, severe and moderate drought prone areas. The maximum monthly rainfall trend analysis for the decades (1986-95) and (1998-2007) showed that during decades (1998-2007) maximum rainfall amount decreased 200-600 mm in very severe, severe and moderate drought prone areas. Supplemental irrigation increased yield 2.24 ton/ha in very severe drought prone area, 1.66 ton/ha in severe drought prone area and 1.4 ton/ha in moderate drought prone area. From the questionnaire survey, it was revealed that 75% of the farmers used supplemental irrigation for T. Aman production in very severe drought prone area, 60%- 80% of the farmers used supplemental irrigation for T. Aman production in severe drought prone area and 50% of the farmers used supplemental irrigation for T. Aman production in moderate drought prone area. From the analysis of climatic data, it was found that due to climatic change the crop water requirement for T. Aman in very severe, severe and moderate drought prone area increased. The last five years rainfall pattern and crop water requirement analysis indicated that for all year's crop water requirement is more than the rainfall in different locations. The additional water requirement for T. Aman cultivation should be supplied as supplemental irrigation for sustainable T. Aman rice production.

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