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Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Mahogany Seed Oil by Dual Step Process and Study of Its Oxidation Stability

S. M. S. Rana
Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Bangladesh.

M. S. Jamal
Institute of Fuel Research and Development, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. A. Haque
Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Bangladesh.

S. Poddar
Institute of Fuel Research and Development , BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

S. M. A. Sujan
Institute of Fuel Research and Development, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

M. Hossain
Institute of Fuel Research and Development, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Biodiesel derived from non edible sources is a potential eco-friendly substitute to petroleum fuel. Acid-catalysed esterification was applied to reduce free fatty acid (FFA) content of oil to zero followed by base-catalyzed transesterification to convert esterified product to its mono-esters and glycerol. The major factors affecting the conversion efficiency of these two processes such as amounts of solvent and catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized. The physical properties and heating value of Mahogany Seed Oil (MSO) and MSO diesel are evaluated and compared with that of commercial diesel. FTIR and 1H NMR spectrum of MSO and MSO biodiesel confirmed the conversion of MSO to biodiesel. The oxidation stability of MSO biodiesel oil was also studied. The study affirms the production of biodiesel from MSO as a renewable alternative to the diesel fuel.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Mahogany seed oil, Free Fatty Acid, Trans-esterification, Anti-oxidant

Location: Pirojpur and Jamalpur districts of Bangladesh.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Postharvest and Agro-processing

Commodity: Mehogani

Objectives:

To optimize the reaction condition for the production of biodiesel from mahogany seeds oil and study the oxidation stability of produced biodiesel.

Methodology:

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seeds were used as raw material to produce biodiesel. The seeds were collected from Pirojpur and Jamalpur districts of Bangladesh. 99.8% Methanol was used in esterification and trans- esterification. NaOH and H₂SO₄ used as catalyst were purchased from Active Fine Chemicals Ltd., Bangladesh. Crude MSO was extracted from Mahogany seeds (80 gm) by Soxhlet extraction for 30 minutes, using n-hexane as solvent. The Mahogany seeds were taken in the tube shaped filter paper which was placed into the Soxhlet with the powder of seeds and hot extraction of oil was done. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was prepared using two step reactions. The main objective of acid-catalysed esterification was to reduce the acid value of oils. In this step at first catalyst (H₂SO₄) was mixed with methanol using an agitator. Then the mixture of alcohol and catalyst was charged into a closed three-neck round-bottom flask with raw MSO. Reaction conditions selected for this optimization were 60⁰C temperature, 400 rpm agitation rate and time of 90 min. After that, the treated oil was allowed to settle for at least 1 h in a separating funnel and the treated oil was collected as bottom layer. Base catalyst transesterification: The base catalyst (NaOH) was added into methanol and was stirred until dissolved in the methanol under slight warm condition. Then the pretreated oil was added into the mixture.Reaction was carried out in apparently closed system to prevent the loss of methanol. The reaction mixture was kept below 65⁰C (boiling point the methanol) at atmospheric pressure. The reaction time was varied from 30 to 120 min.The mixture was then allowed to settle overnight before separation of the glycerol layer to get FAME on the top. After separation of biodiesel, it was purified, dried and finally stored.Oxidation stability analysis: The Rancimat 743 was used to determine the oxidative stability of biodiesel in accordance with the EN14112. Analysis condition: Temperature 110 °C, 78 Biodiesel from Mahogany seed oil 50(2) 2015 Delta T 1.5, air flow rate 10L/h. The amount of sample and water used were 3 gm and 60 ml respectively. Tert- Butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), Propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoate (PG) and Butyl hydroxyl anisol (BHA) were utilized as antioxidant for this experiment. Extraction of oil: Solvent extraction process used to extract the oil from Mahogany seeds. A commonly used solvent, n- hexane was used to carry out the experiment. About 52.08% oil can be extracted from Mahogany seeds.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 77-86, 2015.

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The FFA content of MSO is 3% which makes the pretreatment process easier for the reduction of acid value. The optimum conditions for transesterification reaction were oil to methanol and oil to catalyst (NaOH) of 10:5 and 10:0.09 respectively; reaction time of 90 min at a temperature of 60⁰C with moderate stirring. About 89-97% biodiesel was seen to produce in these conditions. The physic-chemical properties of MSO biodiesel are comparable with that of standard diesel and biodiesel. The conversion of MSO to MSO biodiesel was confirmed by 1H NMR spectrum, TGA and FTIR analysis. Elemental analysis shows the absence of sulfur and nitrogen which indicates eco-friendly biodiesel. TBHQ at 1000 ppm has shown the highest induction time of 16.49 hr at 110⁰C.

Knowledge Management: Journal