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Active and Passive Surveillance of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Bangladesh

Shukla Halder
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Hee-Jong Song
Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Zoonoses Research Institute,. Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea

Emdadul Haque Chowdhury*
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Rokshana Parvin
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Mohammad Moshiyour Rahaman
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Seikh Masudur Rahman
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Shib Shankar Saha
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Sajeda Sultana
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Nadira Marium
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Azharul Islam
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bagladesh.

Md. Siddiqur Rahman
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Bovine Spongi form Encephalopathy (BSE) is present in this country and to analyze the Global BSE Risk (GBR) status in Bangladesh. A total of 2,000 brain samples were collected from cattle older than 30 months of age, slaughtered for human consumption in the district slaughter houses from 2005 to 2006. The brainstem (obex), Pyriform lobe, cerebrum and cerebellum were subjected to histopathological study. Samples that showed some nonspecific lesions were subjected for immunohistochemistry and only brain stem for ELISA for the detection of abnormal prion protein PrP^sc . In passive surveillance, annual overall diseases of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats in Bangladesh were collected from Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Dhaka to investigate the occurrences of neurological diseases. Import related data were collected from ''National Export Promotion Bureauu'' Kawran Bazar, Bangladesh Bank and DLS to analyze the importing products of animal origin (cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats) from different countries to find whether or not the imported products posed any risk for the BSE. In slaughter house surveillance, histopathologically BSE specific lesions were not detected in any of the brain samples, but other nonspecific lesions were recorded. No PrP^sc was detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. DLS report indicated absence of BSE in cattle and buffalo and scrapie in sheep and goats. It was clearly observed that Bangladesh imported livestock products from countries having GBR level I and II but not from countries having GBR level III and IV. From this study it is apparently seems that BSE is not present in the indigenous cattle in Bangladesh and poses no or negligible risk.

Keywords: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Histopathology and immunohistochemistry, Brain tissues

Location: Bangladesh namely Dhaka (Centre of the country), Mymensingh (North east) and Barishal (South east).

Start Date: 00-00-2005

End Date: 00-00-2006

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Non-commodity: Performance

Objectives:

To investigate whether Bovine Spongi form Encephalopathy (BSE) is present in this country and to analyze the Global BSE Risk (GBR) status in Bangladesh

Methodology:

Study was conducted in three districts slaughter houses of Bangladesh namely Dhaka (Centre of the country), Mymensingh (North east) and Barishal (South east). A total of 2,000 brain samples were collected from cattle older than 30 months of age, slaughtered for human consumption. Out of 2,000 samples 1,000 samples from Dhaka, 500 samples from Mymensingh and 500 samples from Barishal. The brainstem (obex), Pyri-form lobe, pieces of cerebellum and cerebrum were collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry and the brainstem (obex) alone for ELISA.The samples after collection was kept in ice box containing sufficient amount of dry ice packs. The samples for histopathology and immunohistochemistry werekept in 10% neutral buffered formalin and the samples for ELISA were kept in 20? until use. Immunohistochemistry was done by Labelled Stre-ptavidin-Biotin (LSAB) Method using: DAKO Chem-Mate ^TM detection kit. Anti PrP^sc monoclonal antibody (mAb 6H4) a mouse IgG1 subtype antibody: Light chain: K subtype with a dilution of 1 : 800 (Prionic AG, Switzerland) was used. The reaction was visualized using the AEC. Parallel negative and positive controls were run in each time. The formalin fixedpositive con-trol was collected from Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.Samples that showed some non-specific lesions were subjected to ELISA and were done by the BetaPrion^® BSE EIA test kit which consists of two modules, the BetaPrion BSE Purification Kit, which includes the purification tools and the Beta Prion BSE Detection Kit, which is based on a sensitive ELISA. In suspected cases ELISA and immunochemistry was done. When more confusion arises then the samples were compared with the positive BSE control slide. Clinical data on various diseases of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goatswere provided by the Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Dhaka, Bangladesh, in order to get precise and comparable data on neurological disease incidence. An analysis of the reasons of sickness/death was conducted. Under reporting often results from difficulties in identifying in clinical BSE suspects, as the clinical sings of BSE are variable, often subtle and not pathognomic and therefore, the cattle that had suffered or died with neurological signs were given special consideration. Import related data from sixty four different countries on animal (cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats) and animal related commodities were provided by the “National Export Promotion Bureau”, Kawranbazar, Bangladesh Bank and DLS, Bangladesh, to analyze the importing products of animal origin (cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats) from different countries to find whether or not the imported products posed any risk for the BSE. The special attention was given to livestock commodities, cattle, and bone and meat meal (MBM) importation. Data were also checked for the presence or absence of national import ban on BMB, ruminant bi-products, any ban on feeding of ruminants on ruminant’s by-products, BSE diagnostic services, reporting systems, public awareness programs and contingency plan.

Source of Information: Korean Journal of Veterinary Service 11/2009; 32(4):307-314

Article Link (Online Journal): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235101241

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In the present study, clinical data from DLS during 2002 to 2006 showed that the most frequently neuro-ogical symptom in cattle found were 10.9% with rabies followed by 4.51% with listeriosis, 2.76% with bovine babesiosis, 2.59% with tetanus, 2.56% with bovine tuberculosis and 0.76% with actinomycosis. But there was no out break or report of BSE in Bangladesh. In sheep and goatsthe most frequently neurological symptom found were 11.61% with rabies followed by 6.02% with listeriosis and 3.37% with gid diseases but there was no out break or report of scrapie in Bangladesh. Almost similar findings have been found from clinical data investigation of BSE in Korea from 1996 to 1999, the most frequently neurological symptoms found were 81.5% with parturient paresis, followed by metabolic disease 4.3%, traumatic injuries 4.3% and unknown causes 3.7%. Bangladesh imported commodities, live animal from countries having GBR level I and II not from countries having GBR level III and IV (Annual report of Bangladesh Bank, 1999-2006; Report of Bangladesh Customs Tariff, Economic law, 2006). But some products like, raw hides and skin, leather, wool and fine or coarse animal hair were imported from some countries having GBR level III and IV. But according to OIE these pro-ducts are not risk factor for BSE. Bangladesh has been imported some cattle only from Spain (GBR III) for breeding purpose only. During that time some animal died due to acute respiratory problem and the rest were retrain-ed till their old age and did not enter the food chain at all. In Bangladesh still there was no import restriction so far till 2006. However, import ban have been imposed from 2007. In Bangladesh there were no public awareness and contingency plans for BSE. However, recently DLS in collaboration with Department of pathology, BAU, has completeda training course on different aspects of BSE for their filed and executive veterinarian. In Bangladesh animal by product producing industries pro-duce only bone grist, gelatin, gumglue but not MBM. So there is no chance of use of MBM in cattle feed. And in Bangladesh livestock rearing system, dairy animals (cattle and buffalo) are fed green fooder and rice straw, and very seldom urea mollases block (UMB), mustard cake but not fed MBM. In Bangladesh there are no rendering plants for ruminant by-products. Therefore, it apparently seems that BSE may not prevalent in Bangladesh.

Knowledge Management: Journal