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Risk for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5n1 Virus Infection in Chickens in Small-scale Commercial Farms, in a High-risk Area, Bangladesh, 2008

P. K. Biswas
Professor
Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

J. P. Christensen
Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

S. S. U. Ahmed
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

A. Das
Department of Genetics and Breeding, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. H. Rahman
Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. Giasuddin
Principal Scientific Officer
National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Small-scale commercial chicken farms (FAO-defined system 3) with poor biosecurity predominate in developing countries including Bangladesh. By enroling fifteen highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) cases occurring in such farms – (February – April 2008) and 45 control farms (March–May 2008) with similar set up, we conducted a case–control study to evaluate the risk factors associated with HPAI H5N1 virus infections in chickens reared in small-scale commercial farms in a spatially high-risk area in Bangladesh. Data collected by a questionnaire from the selected farms were analysed by univariable analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. The risk factors independently associated were ‘dead crow seen at or near farm’ [odds ratio (OR) 47.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.7–480.3, P = 0.001], ‘exchanging eggtrays with market vendors’ (OR 20.4, 95% CI 1.9–225.5, P = 0.014) and ‘mortality seen in backyard chicken reared nearby’ (OR 19.4, 95% CI 2.8–131.9, P = 0.002). These observations suggest that improved biosecurity might reduce the occurrence of HPAI outbreaks in smallscale commercial farms in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Chickens, Hhighly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N1, Risk factors

Location: Chitagong

Start Date: 01-01-2008

End Date: 31-12-2008

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Poultry

Objectives:

1. To evaluate the risk factors associated with HPAI H5N1 virus infections in chickens reared in small-scale commercial farms in a spatially high-risk area in Bangladesh

Methodology:

Study area with a brief history of HPAI outbreaks: The study was conducted in Chittagong district in southeast Bangladesh. Bangladesh is divided into seven divisions, 64 districts and 481 subdistricts, or upazila. Spatial analysis demonstrated a cluster of HPAI outbreaks in this district in 2008. This cluster commenced with an outbreak recorded on sixth February when a commercial chicken farm belonging to the FAO defined production system 3 was diagnosed positive with H5 by the National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (NRL-AI). By April 2008, 15 HPAI outbreaks were recorded in the district. Case definition, selection of case and control farms - A farm diagnosed positive with H5 by NRL-AI was considered as case farm. All the 15 outbreaks occurring by April 2008 in the district of Chittagong and diagnosed positive with H5 were included as cases. Chickens on all the case farms were kept under the FAO-defined production system. Data collection and survey methods - Data were collected by a questionnaire consisting of 28 binomial variables (questionnaire available on request). A blank space at the top of the questionnaire recorded additional information provided by the respondents. The questionnaire was completed on the selected farms by two trained veterinarians during interviews with the farm owners or senior employee(s). Statistical analysis: The data were entered into a spreadsheet program (Excel 2000; Microsoft) and transferred to STATA 9.2 for Windows (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) for analysis. Univariable analysis was done using the ‘cc’ syntax. A two-tailed Fisher’s exact test was used to test the significance of the risk factors and the outcome
occurrence of HPAI.

Source of Information: Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, March 23, 2011

Article Link (Online Journal): doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01235.x

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The risk factors independently associated were ‘dead crow seen at or near farm’ [odds ratio (OR) 47.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.7–480.3, P = 0.001], ‘exchanging egg trays with market vendors’ (OR 20.4, 95% CI 1.9–225.5, P = 0.014) and ‘mortality seen in backyard chicken reared nearby’ (OR 19.4, 95% CI 2.8–131.9, P = 0.002). These observations suggest that improved biosecurity might reduce the occurrence of HPAI outbreaks in small scale commercial farms in Bangladesh.

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