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Recent Evidence of Avian Influenza in Bangladesh: a Review

M.A SAMAD
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341

M.J.F.A. TAIMUR
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341

J Alam
Scientific Officer
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341

Mohammed Giasuddin
Principal Scientific Officer
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Bangladesh first experienced highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in early 2007 and the National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (NRL-AI) at BLRI diagnosed and confirmed the presence of H5 sub-type virus on 15 March 2007. Until May 2009, NRL-AI observed 323 H5 and three H9 positive cases. Gene sequencing of 25 isolates of 2007 and 2008 demonstrated 99.1 to 100% identical genetic structure, indicating a single introduction of the virus in Bangladesh. It also clearly demonstrated that Bangladeshi isolates belong to the sub-clade 2.2 popularly known as Qinghai lineage or Euro-Asian-African lineage with highest similarities to those from Kuwait, Mongolia, Russia and Afghanistan. The poultry industry in Bangladesh faced a terrific financial loss in 2007 and 2008 due to the incursion of avian influenza, which was estimated to be at Taka 3858 crore (38580 million). The prices of broiler declined by about 28% while the price of eggs decreased by 26.5%, as more than one third of consumers refrained from consumption of broiler meat and eggs. As a result of this market collapse, many farm owners were compelled to abandon poultry production because of loss of capital.

Keywords: Avian influenza, Phylogenetic, Epidemiology, Socio-economic, Bangladesh

Location: Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute

Start Date: 01-01-2007

End Date: 31-12-2008

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Poultry

Objectives:

To identify the evidence of Avian Influenza virus in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

BLRI started conducting research, surveillance and monitoring along with the improvement of diagnostic facilities related to AI since 2000. Up to 2004, seromonitoring of AI was carried out from native chickens of different areas of Bangladesh. In this study, sero-positive cases against avian influenza was found highest in Cox's Bazar (38.6%) followed by Barisal (32.3%) and Bogra (14%). From 2004, virus isolation and identification along with antibody detection was started at BLRI. For virus isolation, chicken embryo inoculation, Haemagglutination test, Haemagglutination inhibition test and quick avian influenza antigen detection test were carried out successfully in this laboratory. To check the imported day-old chicks, a total of 1170 day-old chicks were used for isolation and identification of virus by inoculating in chicken embryo and 3510 blood samples from imported day-old broiler and layer chicks and were tested at the age of 25 days by indirect ELISA to detect antibody against avian influenza virus. But no virus or antibodies against avian influenza were detected. From early 2005, identification of influenza virus by RT–PCR technique was introduced following internationally accepted protocol. Faecal samples from about 12,000 samples of native chickens, ducks and migratory birds were tested to monitor avian influenza status in Bangladesh. In this study, a total of 2262 samples of native chickens, 405 samples of native ducks and 9552 samples of migratory birds were collected and tested for the presence of Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Newcastle disease was found to be positive in 6.9%, 7.2% and 2.4% samples of native chickens, native ducks and migratory birds, respectively. To determine the presence of Influenza–A virus, 80 randomly selected samples were inoculated in the chicken embryo through allantoic route and then the allantoic fluid samples were tested by RT-PCR, where 40 samples were selected from migratory birds and the other 40 samples were selected from native ducks and chickens from different areas of Bangladesh. Among the samples of migratory birds, 17.5% of migratory birds and 22.5% of native chickens and ducks showed positive to Influenza A but no sample showed H5 positive during this study.

Source of Information: World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 66, September 2010

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Studies conducted at BLRI suggested that migratory birds might be responsible for initial introduction of the HPAI virus in Bangladesh and the introduction of birds from live markets causes the spreading of disease into the backyard level which extends to the farm level later on. The majority of risk factors leading to an HPAI outbreak in commercial poultry farms are mostly related to market chain and inadequate bio-security, which contributed to spread of the disease. The extent of losses in the Bangladeshi poultry sector and its related industries as a result of outbreaks of AI was indeed very high. In order to stop future outbreaks of HPAI, contact with layer farms, live markets, human traffic, and restricted vehicle entrance to load farm output should be limited as much as possible. This should be the first step in a more sophisticated approach to eradicate the AI virus from the poultry population.

Knowledge Management: Journal