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Residual Effects of Raw and Composted Manure on Nematodes and Physico-chemical Properties of Soil Cropped to Tomato and Cabbage

M S Nahar
Plant Pathology Section, HRC, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh;

M M Rahman
Plant Pathology Section, HRC, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh;

P S Grewal
The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, USA.

S A Miller
The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, USA.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

One year after application, the residual effects of raw and composted dairy manure on the soil nematode community, and soil physico-chemical properties were studied in soil previously cropped to cabbage and processing tomato. The number of plant parasitic nematodes was significantly lower in soil receiving raw manure prior to being cropped to tomato. Bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematode populations increased or remained unchanged in plots amended with raw and composted manure and cropped to tomato, but decreased in non-amended control plots. Bulk density decreased in soil amended with raw manure, regardless of previous crop. For both crops and years, potentially mineralizable N was similar in soil receiving raw manure, but it decreased significantly in unamended control plots. Potentially mineralizable C decreased in all soil treatments in cabbage plots, but raw and composted manure treatments had similar effects in the second year in plots grown to tomato. Results signal the potential impacts of organic amendments on soil biota and physic-chemical properties. Changes in key properties were evident one year after application of a modest amount of organic amendments to soil managed using organic methods for one growing season following many years of conventional management.

Keywords: Organic amendments, Manure, Tomato, Cabbage, Nematodes

Location: USA

Start Date: 00-00-2001

End Date: 00-00-0000

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Tomato, Cabbage

Objectives:

To identify the residual effects of raw and composted manure on nematodes to Tomato and Cabbage

Methodology:

Treatments and experimental design: Field experiments were carried out at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) in Wooster, Ohio, USA in 2001. Treatments (raw dairy manure, composted dairy manure, and an unamended control) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications in April 2001. A total of 12 sup-plots (112 m²) each for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivar ‘Peto 696’ and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cultivar Nahar et al. ‘Bravo’ were established in 1338 m² blocks, on a silt loam soil cropped in 2000 with Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). Tomato and cabbage seedlings were produced in organic potting media and seedlings were transplanted to field plots 7 weeks after seed sowing. Individual test areas consisted of 16 beds 30 m in length on 5 m centers. Plants were 40.6 cm apart within rows with 45.7 cm between in rows on each bed. Raw and composted manure were applied across the plots in spring at a rate estimated to deliver 101 kg N ha^-1and lightly incorporated prior to crop planting. Average soil pH was 5.8 and 6.2 for tomato and cabbage plots, respectively. The chemical composition of raw and composted manure was analyzed following standard procedures (Whitney, 1998). Soil sampling: Soil samples were collected from tomato and cabbage plots in Spring 2001 (before amendment application) and in Spring 2002 (after cropping). Three soil cores (7.5 cm × 15 cm) were collected randomly from plots using a soil auger and soil samples were mixed thoroughly to form a composite sample. Nematodes extraction, identification and counting: Nematodes were extracted from 10g soil sub-samples taken from each composite sample using the Bearmann funnel technique (Flegg and Hooper, 1970). Nematodes were collected at 24 h intervals for 72 h, heat-killed, and fixed with triethanolamine formaldehyde (TAF) solution (Shepherd, 1970). Specimens were identified to genus level under an inverted compound microscope at 40X using diagnostic keys of Goodey (1963) and Jairajpuri and Ahmed (1992). Nematode genera were assigned to a trophic group (plant parasitic, fungal feeders, bacterial feeders, omnivores and predatory) according to Yeates et al. (1993). Soil analysis: Soil analysis was carried out at the Field Crop Ecology laboratory at the OARDC using standard methods (Cabrera and Beare, 1993). Soil properties analyzed were bulk density, organic matter, particulate organic matter (0.05-2 mm), mineral associated organic matter (<0.05 mm), mineral-N (NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^-N), potentially mineralizable-N and C. Microbial biomass-N was determined using modified chloroform fumigation methods (Brookes et al., 1985). Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed following the General Linear Model using software STATISTICA. Means were separated using Fisher’s LSD test.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Agriculturist. 7(1): 75–81, 2014 ISSN 1812-4631

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Owing to their different characteristics , it is reasonable to suspect that the application of raw and composted dairy manure may have differential effects on key soil properties. The potential relative effects of a single application of a modest amount of both amendments to soil previously under conventional management, as measured one year after application, are more unclear but have important implications in transitional-organic systems. The extent to which these potential effects may change with the crop grown following application is also important. Nematodes play a significant role in the decomposition of organic matter, mineralization of plant nutrients and nutrient cycling (Ingham et al., 1985; Griffiths, 1990). Decomposition of organic matter is accomplished primarily by bacteria and fungi, which are grazed upon by microbivorous nematodes and other invertebrates. As bacterial-feeding nematodes are thought to have a higher carbon-nitrogen ratio (10:1) than their substrate (5:1), mineralization associated with their metabolic activity may be considerable (Anderson et al., 1981). Similarly, in consuming sufficient bacteria for their body structure and respiration, nematodes assimilate more nitrogen than necessary, with the excess nitrogen excreted as ammonia (Roger, 1969). Therefore, it may be important to note that in this study omnivorous nematode populations were greater in the spring after a single, modest application of raw or composted dairy manure. And, fungal and bacterial feeding nematode populations were greater or similar in plots amended with raw or composted manure, although populations of these nematodes at the second sampling tended to be lower in unamended control plots. Interestingly, plant parasitic nematode populations were lower at the second sampling in soil receiving raw manure but only in plots then grown to tomato. Yet, despite changes in nematode populations, no change was recorded in potentially mineralizable-N in plots receiving raw manure or microbial biomass-N in plots receiving composted manure, regardless of the crop grown in 2001 after amendment application. Taken together, these data suggest that the residual effects of amendment application tended to be more pronounced on nematode populations than on specific indicators of soil nutrient status.

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