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Screening of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Freshwater and Marine Algae as a Prominent Natural Antibiotic Available in Bangladesh

Mohammed Mehadi Hassan Chowdhury
Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Nokhali, 3814, Bangladesh

Khadizatul Kubra
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

Mohammad Belal Hossain
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

M. Golam Mustafa
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

Tahsina Jainab
Department of Microbiology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. Reazul Karim
Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. Elias Mehedy
Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

In Bangladesh, algae have not been adequately explored for their potential as a source of bioactive substances. So, present work provides the eligibility of algae commonly found in Bangladesh as a prominent natural antibiotic against various pathogens. In vitro screening of organic solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol and chloroform) of ten fresh water and marine algae showed antimicrobial activity carried out by disc diffusion method against two gram positive, four gram negative bacteria and one fungus. Marine algal species performed better than fresh water algal species. Green algae are more potent than red and brown algae. Ethanolic extracts are more effective than methanolic and chloroform extracts. Ulva lactuca and Chlorella sp. revealed the best activity among other algal species in all solvent forms. Spirogyra crassa showed very poor antibacterial activity where its antifungal activity was moderate. Escherichia coli was more resistant bacteria in a comparison to others because it showed totally resistant against some algae. Highest zone of inhibition (26 mm) was recorded for chloroform extract of Ulva lactuca against E. coli where chloroform extract of Dictyopteris membranacea didn’t show any microbial activity. At the end, it was clear that almost all extracts of all algal species revealed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens. These results give an indication of the presence of promising antimicrobial compounds in the algal species under studied. Further phytochemical studies are needed to elucidate these compounds structures and activity for use algae as an alternative natural antibiotic against synthetic conventional antibiotics.

Keywords: Algae, Antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion, Zone of inhibition, Resistant

Location: Chittagong, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2013

Program Area: Variety and Species

Commodity: Aquatic animal

Objectives:

To determine the antimicrobial activities of some marine and fresh water algae available in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

Sample collection: Algal materials were collected from the Karnafully River, Foy’s lake and sea beach located in Chittagong in Bangladesh. Samples were stored in plastic bags and transported to the laboratory under iced conditions. The samples were initially washed thoroughly with sea water to remove sand and any adhering substance and then washed thoroughly with fresh water to remove salts and stored at -20°C until compound extraction. The algal species were identified based on the schemes reported in the literature. These cleaned fresh materials were air dried and then powdered with the help of a blender. Then the powdered samples were stored in a dark place and brought under to different extraction methods. Extraction of selected algal species: The extraction of powdered algal samples was done using methanol, ethanol and chloroform. Aliquots of 25 g of the powdered algal samples were soaked in 250 mL of the solvents for 24 h. Later the soaked samples were homogenized in an electric blender along with the solvents at room temperature, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. Each dried precipitate was re-dissolved in the corresponding solvents to give 50 mg mL^-1 extracts and preserved at 5°C in airtight bottles until further use. Determination of antimicrobial efficacy: Bacterial strains: The used bacterial test organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as gram positive species and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 33459) as gram negative species grown in Mueller Hinton agar at 37°C for 24 h (Merck). Fungal species was unicellular Candida albicans (ATCC 60192) grown in potato dextrose agar (Hi Media) at ambient temperature for 72 h. The bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant determined by disc diffusion assay. Antimicrobial assay: Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion technique in petri dishes. Briefly, sterile filter paper discs, 6 mm in diameter were loaded with 25 μL of the different antibacterial compound extracts and were air dried. Discs containing standard concentration of ciprofloxacin for bacteria and amphotericin B for fungi were used as control. The discs were placed on Muller Hinton agar plates inoculated with each of the previously mentioned microorganisms. Plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C and the inhibition zones that formed around the discs were measured (mm diameter). All tests were performed in triplicate and the average clear zone greater than 10 mm were considered positive results.

Source of Information: International Journal of Pharmacology, | Volume-1 | Issue-1 | 1-6 |2015

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The extracts of algae showed biopharmaceutical potentiality. However whether such extracts will act as effective therapeutic agents remain to be investigated, the identification of the bioactive compounds and study of mechanisms of actions are necessary prior to application.

Knowledge Management: Journal