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Eco-friendly Management of Seed Borne Fungi for Sustainable Crop Production

Md. Rejwan Bhuiyan
Senior Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

MM Rashid
Senior Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Dr. MAI Khan
Senior Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Md. Abdul Latif
Principal Scientific Officer
Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A total of seven seed-borne fungi were detected from forty rice (Oryzae sativa) seed samples (cv. BR11and BRRI dhan28) collected from two upazilas (Narshingdi Sadar and Shibpur) of Narshingdi district in Bangladesh. The identified species were Bipolaris oryzae, Alternaria padwickii, Sarocladium oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium spp. The seed samples were composed of apparently healthy seed, spotted seed, discoloured seed, deformed seed, varietal mixture and chaffy grain. Prevalence of fungi and seed germination varied significantly with respect to variety and seed source. Seeds of rice variety BRRI dhan28 carried the lower infection of all the seed-borne fungi than the variety BR11. Seeds collected from Shibpur had higher seed-borne infection. An attempt has been made to control the seed-borne fungi by different plant extracts and chemicals. Garlic extract (1:1) dilution found best which successfully reduced seed-borne infection (80.3%) and also increased seed germination by 10.69% over control. Neem, allamanda and bishkatali extracts also increased seed germination 8.99%, 7.10% and 5.84%, respectively. Seed treating fungicides viz. Vitavax-200, Bavistin 50 WP and Captan were also tested to control seed-borne fungi. Seed treatment with Vitavax-200 @ 0.3% of seed weight eliminated all the seed-borne fungi and increased seed germination by 25.70% over control. Another chemical Bavistin also reduced seed-borne infection (88%) successfully and increased seed germination by 24.67% over control. Considering the high cost and deleterious effect of chemicals on environment, plant extracts may be recommended for controlling seed-borne fungal pathogens of rice as they are cheap, safe and eco-friendly.

Keywords: Rice, Seed borne fungi, Management, Plant extracts

Location: Pathology Lab, BAU

Start Date: 00-04-2006

End Date: 00-03-2007

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Rice

Objectives:

To explore less inexpensive, less hazardous, non-chemical eco-friendly methods for seed treatment.

Methodology:

The experiments were conducted in Seed Pathology Center (SPC), Bangladesh Agricultural Univeresity (BAU), Mymensingh during April, 2006 to March, 2007. Forty seed samples of two popular as well as mega variety were collected from two upazila of Narshingdi District (Narshingdi Sadar and Shibpur) as it is a popular place for rice cultivation and marketing. Twenty samples of BR11 ( ten samples from each upazila) and twenty samples of BRRI dhan28 were collected by this time. Each sample contained about 400g of seeds. The samples were enclosed in paper bags with proper labeling, brought to the SPC laboratory and kept in the refrigerator at 4 ± 1ºC until used for further studies. At first, dry inspection of the different seed samples were done. Then All the seed samples were assayed for the presence of fungal pathogens by the Standard Blotter Method following the rules of International Seed Testing Association (ISTA, 1976). Each individual seed was observed under stereo-microscope at X16 and X25 magnification in order to identify the seed-borne fungi. Most of the associated fungi were detected by observing their growth characters on the incubated seeds following the keys outlined by Ramnath et al. (1970), Khan and Islam (1975) and Kulshrestha et al. (1976). Temporary slides were also prepared and observed under compound microscope for proper identification. The fungi were identified to species level, wherever possible, following the keys of Malone and Musket (1964), Booth (1971), Ellis (1971) and Chidambara and Mathur (1975),). The results were presented as percent incidence for individual pathogen. Four samples which yielded highest percentage of pathogen considering respective variety and location were selected for next fungicidal treatment. Five different plant species were collected from different areas of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh Campus which were used in this study. Garlic (Allium sativum), allamanda (Allamanda cathartica), neem (Azadirachta indica), marigold (Tagetes erecta) and bishkatali (Polygonumhydropiper) extracts were used for the experiment. Except garlic (clove is used) in every cases leaf is used to extract juice for seed treatment. In all cases 1:1 dilution ratio is used for seed treatment. To prepare desired concentrated plant extract, at first different plant parts were chopped after cleaning in running tap water. Then extracts were prepared by crushing the plant parts in a blender with distilled water in 1:1 ratio (eg. 1:1= 100 gm plant material crushed in 100 ml water) (Hossain et al., 1997). The extracts were filtered through cheese cloth. The extracts thus obtained were kept in a refrigerator at 4º±1 untill use. Selected seed samples of rice were treated following dipping method. The seeds were dipped in 1:1 dilution for 1 hour in previously prepared garlic, allamanda, neem, marigold and biskatali leaf extracts. After 1 hour, plant extracts were drained out from the petridishes. The treated seeds were allowed to be dried up on filter paper for some time and were tested following the standard blotter method (ISTA, 1976) to observe the growth of different fungal colonies on the seeds. For each treatment 400 seeds with four replications were placed on sixteen petridishes. Then the efficacy of the plant extracts was evaluated by comparing with an untreated control. The fungi yielded and germination of seeds was recorded. The seeds were also treated with chemicals viz. Vitavax 200 (Chemical name:5,6- dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide; a.i.: Oxathiin), Bavistin 50 WP (Chemical name: Methyl benzimidazol-2-yl-carbamate;a.i.: Carbendazim 50 %) and Captan (Chemical name: N-trichloro-methyl thio- 4-cyclo-1,2-dicarboximide; a.i.: Chloro-methyl) (following two different concentrations 0.25% and 0.3%) by taking requisite amount of each fungicide and Erlenmeyer flask and were shaken mechanically for 10 minutes for proper coating of fungicides. After 24 hours, the efficacy of the fungicides was evaluated by comparing with an untreated control. The fungi yielded and germination of seeds was recorded. The experiments were conducted following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and the mean data were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Source of Information: Life Science Journal 2013;10(4) http://www.lifesciencesite.com

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1. Government

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Seed treatment with Vitavax-200 @ 0.3% of seed weight eliminated all the seed-borne fungi and increased seed germination by 25.70% over control. Another chemical Bavistin also reduced seed-borne infection (88%) successfully and increased seed germination by 24.67% over control. Considering the high cost and deleterious effect of chemicals on environment, plant extracts may be recommended for controlling seed-borne fungal pathogens of rice as they are cheap, safe and eco-friendly.

Knowledge Management: Journal