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Dynamics of Cadmium and Lead in Some Soils of Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. G. Kibria
Professor
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh

M. J. Ahammad
Research Fellow
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh

M. Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh

K. T. Osman
Professor
Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Abstract: Total, 1N NH4OAc and 0.1N HCl extractable Cd and Pb were determined in soils of four sites of Chittagong City contaminated by city sewage (Site-I), tannery (Site- II), fertilizer factory (Site- III) and cement factory (Site- IV) and collected on profile basis and distance from the source points. Total Cd contents of soils in different sites ranged from 0 to 2.48 mg kg-1 while the values for Pb varied from 7.14 to 54.31 mg kg-1. Ammonium acetate and 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the surface soils were in the range between 0.01 and 0.62 mg kg-1 and between 0.03 and 1.66 mg kg-1, respectively. Lead contents in surface soils extracted with 1N NH4OAc and 0.1N HCl varied from 0.18 to 2.72 mg kg-1 and 2.00 to 50.51 mg kg-1 respectively. A close relationship between the total amounts of Cd and Pb and their extractable amounts with 1N NH4OAc and 0.1N HCl was found. The concentrations of total and extractable Cd and Pb were inversely correlated with soil pH. Strong positive correlations were observed for Cd and Pb with CEC and organic matter contents of soil.

Keywords: Dynamics, cadmium, lead, city sewage, tannery.

Location: Chittagong

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Contamination of soil

Objectives:

(1). To assess the level of contamination and vertical and horizontal distribution of Cd and Pb in soils around Chittagong Municipal area contaminated by city sewage, tannery, fertilizer and cement factory

.(2)To evaluate the relationships among total and extractable Cd and Pb and soil properties.

Methodology:

Sampling Sites of the Study Area: Chittagong city is situated within 22o- 14′ and 22o- 27′ N Latitude and between 91o- 46′ and 91o-53′ E Longitude. Four sampling sites were selected in the study area. The sites were (i) Site-I. City sewage contaminated site to which city sewage has been disposed of for about 50 years (ii) Site-II. Tannery contaminated site (iii) Site-III. Fertilizer factory contaminated site and (iv). Site-IV. Cement factory contaminated site. City sewage (220-22′-89′′ N and 910- 50′-16′′ E) and tannery (220-24′-10′′ N and 910- 49′- 14′′ E) contaminated sites are located at Haji para and Koolgaon, respectively. The fertilizer factory (220-16′-34′′ N and 910- 47′- 62′′ E) and cement factory (220-16′-71′′ N and 910- 47′- 80′′ E) contaminated sites are located at Potenga in the high lying areas of southern part of the city.

Collection of Soil Samples: Soil samples were collected on profile basis. Three profiles were dug in each site. One profile was dug in the vicinity of the source point (Profile-1) and another two were 0.5 km (Profile-2) and 1.0 km (Profile-3) away respectively from the source point in order to examine how the total contents of Cd and Pb and their mobility change with increasing distance from the source of contamination. Soil samples were collected from dug pits from different depths down to a maximum depth of 82 to 135 cm. Composite samples of each horizon were taken with four to five sub samples from the walls of a pit. The samples were air dried and sieved to < 2 mm and were preserved for physical and chemical analysis.

Soil Analysis: The particle size distribution was determined by hydrometer method of Day [23]. Soil pH was measured in a 1:2.5 soil/water suspension with glass electrode pH meter. The potassium dichromate wet-oxidation method of Jackson [24] was used for the determination of organic carbon followed by multiplying the values with 1.724 to calculate the organic matter contents. The cation exchange capacity was determined by saturation with 1N NH4OAc at pH 7.0 [24]. The soil samples were digested with aqua regia [24] on a sand bath for the determination of total Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, P and K. In order to determine the mobility of Cd and Pb in the soils, the extractable amounts of the metals were determined after extraction with 1N NH4OAc and 0.1 N HCl [25]. Total nitrogen was determined by micro - Kjeldahl method as described by Jackson [24]. Phosphorus was determined by vanadomolybdo phosphoric yellow color method in nitric acid system according to Jackson [24]. Potassium was measured by flame photometer and Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian spectra AA-220).

Data Analysis: The significance of differences between the means of the treatments was evaluated by one way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the significance level of 5%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was estimated to test the relations among metal contents in soil and soil properties.

Source of Information: IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 2, Issue 6 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 64-71

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The results of this study indicate anthropogenic inputs of Cd and Pb in agricultural soils associated with discharge of city sewage, tannery effluents and atmospheric deposition of dust particles from fertilizer and cement factory near the area of investigation around Chittagong Municipality. The level of Cd and Pb contamination of agricultural soils of Chittagong Municipality area is an important concern for food safety and human health. The results of the present investigation highlight the need for establishing soil quality standards for heavy metals to predict human induced soil pollution. For further information about other areas of the Chittagong Municipality, the investigation should be expanded in the near future to enlarge and improve the basis for proposing agricultural soil quality standards at national levels.

Knowledge Management: Journal