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Study on the Directional Strength of Handmade Jute Paper Treated by Various Additives

H. M. Zakir Hossain
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

Khaled Saifullah
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

M. M. Rashid
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

Shamina Jafrin
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

Md. Kamal Uddin
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

To produce high strength handmade paper several internal additives (rosin and alum) and external additive (wax emulsion, cellulose gel etc.), were used. Optimum result was obtained i.e tearing strength increased 33.82% when paper was treated by rosin and alum as internal sizing. To evaluate the effect of direction, lengthwise and breadth wise strength was studied and any significant change was not found. The experiments were done at the handmade paper laboratory of Mennonite Central Committee, Dhaka in the year of 2001-2002.

Keywords: Handmade, Jute, Paper, Various additives, Strength

Location: Mennonite Central Committee, Dhaka

Start Date: 00-00-2001

End Date: 00-00-2002

Program Area: Farm Mechanization

Commodity: Jute

Objectives:

The effect of cellulose gel along with some internal and external sizing material is yet to be studied. Hence, Handmade papers produced from jute were treated by cellulose gel along with internal sizing materials (rosin & alum) and external sizing material (wax emulsion) to increase the strength of paper in this present work.

Methodology:

Bangladesh white B (BWB) jute and collected from Mechanical Processing Division of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute and Mennonite Central Committee provided chemicals and laboratory facilities. The experiments were done at the handmade paper laboratory of Mennonite Central Committee, Dhaka in the year of 2001-2002. Ten experiments were performed. Such as: Experiment-01 : To make control paper without using any sizing! reinforcement. Experiment-02 : To make paper using wax emulsion as external additive as external additive. Experiment-03 : To make paper using Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in the form of Cellulose gel as external additive. Experiment-04 : To make paper using Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in form of Cellulose gel and wax emulsion (outer layer) both as external additive. Experiment-05 : To make paper using Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in form of Cellulose gel and wax emulsion (inner layer) both as external additive. Experiment-06 : To make paper using Rosin & Alum as internal sizing. Experiment-07 : To make paper using Rosin & Alum as internal sizing and wax emulsion. Experiment-08 : To make paper: Rosin & Alum as internal sizing and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in form of Cellulose gel as external additive. Experiment-09 : To make paper using Rosin & Alum as internal sizing and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in form of Cellulose gel and wax emulsion (outer layer) both as external additive Experiment-10: To make paper using Rosin & Alum as internal sizing and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in form of Cellulose gel and wax emulsion (inner layer) both as external additive. The fibres were cleaned carefully so that no barks, roots were present. These cleaned fibers were cut to the size of 1.27 cm -2.54 cm. 500 gm of cut fibers were taken. 30 gm sodium hydroxide (6% of the material) was dissolved in 16.5 litres of water by boiling. The amount of water was maintained about 10 liter thought the whole boiling process. As soon as a water reached the boiling temperature, fibers were immersed in the boiling water of a open tube and boiling was continued for 4 hours to remove some impurities as may be soluble in mild alkalis at moderately high temperature as well as to soften and condition the fibre. The boiled fibers were then properly washed by water until the effluent was practically clear. The length of washing time was so adjusted that the fibre/ stock will be as clean as possible with a minimum of fiber loss. The washed jute fibres were taken with 70 kg of fresh water in the open vessel of beater. The washed pulp of experiment no.6-10 had under gone different sizing treatment to increase strength and hydrophobic property of the papers to be produced, pulp was kept in a open bucket containing 20 Liter of water. 500g of powdered rosin was taken. 50g NaoH was dissolved in to 1 liter of water by heating .Rosin powder was first converted in to paste by adding some hot caustic soda solution. Rosin soap was prepared by adding the remaining caustic soda solution with Rosin paste and boiled 30 minuets. 1.5% (on the wt, of fibre material) i.e. 4.5gm rosin soap was taken and solution prepared by diluting Rosin soap with hot water. 3% (On the wt. fiber material) i.e. 9gm alum was taken. Alum solution was prepared by adding hot water. The stuff after unloading from beater was kept on a net to allow the liquid to be drained out. The stuff was washed properly by water so that the staff gets neutral condition. The p^H, the indirect measure of the chemical state of the stuff. Sowing the degree of acidity or alkalinity was measured by pH paper. 1 liter of polyamide solution was taken in lifting vat containing 20 liter of water. Pulp was suspended uniformly in water of lifting vat. Pulp was lifted form the lifting vat in sheet form or lap by lifting net and kept on a bed table one after another using a pieces of cloth as separators. The pulps in lap form were pressed for 15 minutes by hydraulic press having a capacity of 10 ton to form paper sheet. Samples of experiment 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 were impregnated in the tub containing wax emulsion by soaking for 30 seconds. Impregnated samples were squeezed manually by a pair of roller. After squeezing, the samples were dried in air and sunlight. Mentionable that in case of experiment no. 4 & 9 the wax emulsion was applied after completion of drying following the MCC treatment. Samples of experiment no. 3, 4, 8 and 9 were treated by 1 % cellulose gel by soaking them in for 30 seconds. Besides this, samples of experiment no.5 & 10 were treated by the same gel after completion of drying of the samples following the wax emulsion treatment. The treated samples were the dried in sunlight. The produced papers were dried in sunlight. The paper sheets got deformed on drying. It was tried to make paper sheet flat by calendaring. The physical properties of paper like GSM, tearing strength were measured for each experimental group in the standard temperature and humidity for paper as per TAPPI standard test methods. 10 Samples for each experiment were taken. The weight of the samples were taken by electronic balance and these were multiplied by 100 to get the weight of the sample in Gram per Square Meter (GSM). 10 samples (7.6cm x 6.3cm) were taken. Tearing strength in gm-f was measured according to TAPPI, T414 om-98. Test specimens were cut accurately in each principal direction of the paper about 7.6cm in length by exactly 6.3cm in width, with the slit to be cut 20mm in length, leaving exactly 43 mm between the end of the slit and the edge of the specimen. The machine was leveled and adjusted before each set of test. The pendulum was positioned to test position. Test specimen was placed mid-way in the clamp with its upper edge parallel to make the slit. The scale reading was found between 20 and 601 when single sheet was torn. Five readings were recorded for each principal direction of the paper. The readings were rejected where tear line deviates more then 10 mm from the line of initial slit. For the standard 1600-gf instrument with 0-100 scale.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Jute Fib. Res. 2008, 28(2): 61-69

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

From the analysis of result it was found that 1. Optimum result was obtained i.e. tearing strength of paper increased (33.82%) when paper was treated with rosin and alum as internal sizing (Experiment no.6). 2. Maximum tearing strength increased (33.82%) when paper was treated by rosin and alum as internal sizing (Experiment no.6) due to bonding between fibres and sizing materials. 3. Application of wax emulsion always decreased the tearing strength (experiment no.2, 4, 5, 7, 9 & 10) due to reduced cohesion between fibres. 4. Maximum strength decreased (81.11 %) when the paper was treated with MCC in form of cellulose gel and wax emulsion as external additive (experiment no. 4). 5. The breadth wise strength was found slightly higher compared to the lengthwise strength but any significant difference was not noticed. The breadth wise strength was higher due to greater alignment of fibres in this direction. It can be concluded that where only the strength of handmade jute paper is mainly wanted, rosin and alum as sizing and breadth wise direction should preferably be chosen.

Knowledge Management: Journal