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Outbreak Evaluation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Bangladesh

M. Giasuddin
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka.

M.E.Haque
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

A.H.M.Kamal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

M.R. Islam
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

A. Jahangir
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka.

E.H. Chowdhury
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

M.J.F.A.Taimur
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka.

M. Hafizur Rahman
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Bangladesh first experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 in poultry 2007 and by December 2012 a total of five hundred fifty six (556) outbreaks have been reported of which four hundred ninety nine (499) outbreaks occur in commercial poultry farm as against only fifty seven (57) in backyard poultry chicken. The virus appeared to be a deadly pathogen causing a total of six hundred eight (608) human cases with three hundred fifty nine (359) deaths in the world. In Bangladesh seven (7) human cases have been reported with a singular mortality of a child acquiring the infection from household poultry. There had been six epidemic waves of AI outbreaks in Bangladesh since March 2007 and other new waves seem to have started. From the six year’s incidence analysis it was found that higher number of outbreaks occurred in the month of February followed by March. The outbreak started from the middle to late winter and continued up to summer. The phylogenetic analysis of viruses isolated till 2010 revealed only one clade 2.2 virus circulating in Bangladesh. But from 2011 two new clades 2.3.2 and 2.3.4 viruses have been introduced. In 2012, it was observed that Clade 2.2 viruses that was in circulation since 2007 were replaced by 2.3.2.1 viruses. Extensive backyard poultry including a large number of ducks, dense human population, and economic dependence of poor people on poultry with low awareness about risk of infection, live bird trading and poor bio-security were critical factors in the spread of avian influenza infection that posses key challenge in rapid containment. Because of the complex situation in poultry production and marketing system, attempts to control this disease through stamping out and bio-security measures have apparently failed in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Avian influenza; Pathogenic; RT-PCR; Phylogenetic

Location: Field Disease Investigation Laboratory (FDIL) and Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL) of Department of Livestock Services (DLS)

Start Date: 00-03-2007

End Date: 00-12-2012

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Poultry, Diseases

Objectives:

To explore the findings of ongoing passive as well as some active virological surveillance of AIV in Bangladesh

Methodology:

Clinical samples: Clinical samples including tracheal tissue were collected from the avian influenza suspected poultry by the Field Disease Investigation Laboratory (FDIL) and Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL) of Department of Livestock Services (DLS) from different areas of the country. The samples were then submitted to National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (NRL-AI) for confirmatory diagnosis of Avian Influenza viruses (AIV). The study was conducted over the period from March 2007- December 2012 during which a total 619 samples were received and tested.

Surveillance samples: The work was conducted during 2007-2010 during which a total of 1500 cloacal swab and 500 serum samples from native ducks and 2050 fecal samples from wild migratory birds were collected randomly from different areas of Bangladesh and transported to NRL-AI.

Sample processing: RNA was extracted from the clinical samples and real time RT-PCR was performed. Surveillance samples were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. Allantoic fluid collected from embrocated eggs and tested by haemagglutination test follow ed by either RT-PCR or real time RT-PCR for identification of influenza A subtype.

Phylogenetic analysis: Nucleotide sequence of partial HA gene of selected samples were subjected to multiple alignment with the corresponding sequence of other HPAI strains of different countries available in the Gene Bank. Phylogenetic trees were developed and gen eticclades of the viruses were identified.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 44-49, Jan-Dec 2012

Article Link (Online Journal): http://banglajol.info/index.php/BJLR/article/view/26426

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Since 2011 there has been introduction of two new clades of HPAI viruses, clade2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4 into Bangladesh in addition to clade 2.2 viruses, but in 2012 it was observed that clade 2.2 viruses are being replaced by 2.3.2.1 virus that were in circulation since 2007.

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