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Prevalence of Brucellosis in Dairy Cattle in Organized and Smallholder Farms in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh

M. A. S. Sarker
Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh

M. S. Rahman
Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh

M. T. Islam
Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh

A. K. M. A. Rahman
Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh

M. B. Rahman
Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh

M. F. Rahman
Director Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Brucellosis causes a great economic loss to the livestock industries through abortion, infertility, birth of weak and dead off spring, increased calving interval and reduction of milk yield and it is endemic in Bangladesh. In this study we collected milk and blood samples simultaneously from 533 cows of Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Savar, Dhaka and different Upazilas of Gaibandha and Mymensingh District. Five hundred thirty three samples were examined for antibodies to Brucella using the Milk Ring Test (MRT) and Rose Bengal Test (RBT). Overall 2.62 % of milk samples were positive according to MRT, while 2.06 % of the serum samples were positive to the RBT. Only 6 (1.13%) of the samples were positive for both test (MRT and RBT). Out of 312 samples only 10 (3.20 %) were positive to MRT while 8 (2.06%) were positive to RBT in Holstein Friesian cross (p>0.05) on the other hand out of 221 samples only 4 (1.80%) were positive to MRT while 3 (1.35%) were positive to RBT in Sahiwal cross. The prevalence of brucellosis was significantly higher in the age group of >5 years than other age groups (p≤0.01) on both test (MRT 2.75%and RBT 2.25%).Based on parity, significantly higher prevalence (MRT 2.93% and RBT 2.44%) of MRT and RBT were obtained in parity 3-5 in comparison to other parity group (p≤0.01). It is, however, obvious that although the MRT is 1st-line screening tests for brucellosis in cows in some countries, their lack of specificity is of concern. Therefore, the requirement for other confirmatory tests that are more specific should be used for the diagnosis of the disease, especially in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Brucellosis, Cows, Breed, Age, Parity, Zoonosis, Diagnosis, Serology

Location: Savar, Dhaka and all upazilas of Mymensingh and Gaibandha

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Diseases, Cattle

Objectives:

To know the prevalence of brucellosis in cattle in organized and smallholder dairy farms in some selected areas of Bangladesh.

Methodology:

As serological samples, venous blood samples were collected from jugular vein aseptically from sexually matured cattle of female sexes. A total of 533 blood samples were collected from cows of Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Savar, Dhaka and all upazilas of Mymensingh and Gaibandha district of Bangladesh. Milk samples were also collected from the same cows. At the time of sampling, questionnaire based data on age, sex, Breeds, location, calving status, disease history, parity were recorded. The Milk Ring Test (MRT) and Rose Bengal Test (RBT) were performed with the milk and blood samples respectively as screening tests for brucellosis. Brucella abortus strain 1119-3 (Dae Sung Microbiological lab, South Korea) were used for RBT.

Rose Bengal Test (RBT): The RBT was performed according to the procedure as described by Uddin et al. (2007). The test serum samples Brucella abortus antigen (William James House, Cowley Rd. Cambridge, CB4 OWX, UK) were kept 1 hour in room temperature before beginning the test. 30 μl of each serum to be tested was placed on a glass plate circled approximately 2 cm in diameter. Then the vial of antigens was shacked gently and 30 μl of antigen put beside each of the sera. The antigen and serum was mixed on the plate with a stirrer and spread over the area enclosed by the circle. Then the plate was placed on a mechanical rotator at 80-100 rpm for 4 minutes and the reading was taken immediately. Any agglutination or precipitation was considered as positive, whereas no reaction indicated the absence of Brucella antigen in the sera.

Milk Ring Test (MRT): Milk Ring test was performed by following the manufacturer’s instruction (National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Ames, Iowa). In brief, antigen was kept at room temperature (18-23°C) for 1 hour before starting the test. After proper mixing, 1.0 ml of milk sample and 50 μl of MRT of antigen was added in each tube. The milk and MRT reagent was mixed with vortex and incubated for 1 hour at +37°C and then between +2°C to +8°C for 18 to 20 hours. The result was read as positive if the ring of cream equally or more colored than the underling milk and as negative if the ring of cream less colored than the underlying milk. Statistical analysis The Chi-square test (x²) was performed to find out the relationship between the prevalence of brucellosis and demographic variables of cows.

Source of Information: Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 167 - 171 ISSN: 1729 - 7893 (Print), 2308 - 0922 (Online)

Article Link (Online Journal): http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJVM/article/view/21280/14608

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Based on outcome of the study, it is suggested that although MRT and RBT are generally useful for screening for brucellosis especially in developing countries where other tests are cumbersome to perform on a large scale and require special equipment and expertise these tests still have limitations where vaccination or medical records are not available. As a result of these limitations other confirmatory tests like ELISA, CFT, SAT shall be carried out in conjunction with MRT and RBT due to confirm the brucellosis status of cattle in Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Savar, Dhaka and Different Upazilas of Gaibandha and Mymensingh District. The ELISA is an available assay for use on milk and serum and is very useful where large number of samples require testing. Milk ELISA is used on pooled samples which is more cost effective than testing individual animals. Although these tests may be very expensive they are needed to confirm the brucellosis status of cattle in our study area in order to safeguard the general public and in particularly that of the people directly involved in the meat inspection, milk collectors and meat milk processing. The older animal supposed to be more infected because of more contact with infectious agents and sometimes become more susceptible from malnutrition during pregnancy. It appears that the prevalence of infection in animals more than 5 years of age compared to younger animals and higher prevalence of brucellosis among older cows might be related to maturity with the advancing age. Seropositivity to be considered due to natural infection occurred because vaccination in cows has never been practiced in Bangladesh. The prevalence and severity of disease may vary with the breed, geographic location, types of diagnostic tests, husbandry and environmental factor as well as the biovar of the organism.

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