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Growth, Yield and Quality of Mandarin and Sweet Orange as Influenced by Different Methods and Levels of Irrigation

A. Khatun
Principal Scientific Officer
IWM Division, BARI

A. R. Akanda
Chief Scientific Officer
IWM Division, BARI

R.U. Shamim
Chief Scientific Officer
RARS, Akbarpur, Moulovibazar

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The experiment was conducted at RARS, Akbarpur, Moulovibazar on existing orchard to investigate the growth, yield and quality of orange and sweet orange as influenced by different methods and levels of irrigation from December 2012 to April 2013 and 2014. Kamla lines 26, 27 and BARI Malta-1 were used as the test crops. The experiment was conducted with 6 years old plants with the same plantation. The four treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plant spacing was 4 m x 4 m for mandarin and 3.5 m x 3.0 m for sweet mandarin. The treatments were T₁: Rain fed, T₂: Irrigation applied at 10 days interval by ring basin method, T₃: Irrigation applied at 15 days interval by ring basin method, T₄: Irrigation applied through drip system at 3 days interval. Measured amount of water was applied to each plant at several intervals to maintain the soil moisture content in the root zone up to field capacity. In irrigated mandarin and sweet mandarin, plants growth showed more vigorous than non-irrigated plants. The result revealed that most of the parameters were higher in treatment T₄ where drip irrigation was applied. The highest and the lowest yield of mandarin 756 kg/ha and 310 kg/ha were obtained by treatment T₄and T₁, and in sweet orange 4721 kg/ha and 795 kg/ha, respectively was obtained by treatment T₄and T₁. Drip irrigation treatments resulted in higher IWP (3.40 kg/m³ for mandarin and 5.29 kg/m³ for sweet orange) with minimum value in comparison to that with ring basin irrigation (1.66 kg/m³ for orange and 2.28 kg/m³ for sweet mandarin). The higher BCR was also observed in treatment T₄.

Keywords: Mandarin, Irrigation, Sweet orange

Location: RARS, Akbarpur, Moulovibazar

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2014

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Orange, Irrigation scheduling

Objectives:

To determine an appropriate irrigation schedule
To predict the effectiveness of methods and levels of irrigation for producing high quality orange and sweet orange

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at RARS, Akbarpur, Moulovibazar on existing orchard from December, 2012. The soil textural class was sandy clay loam. There were some collections of mandarin germplasm at that station. Kamla lines 26, 27 and BARI Malta-1 were used as the test crops. Plants were selected as per uniform ages. The experiment was conducted with 6 years old plant with the same plantation. The combinations of these factors resulted in three treatments distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plant spacing was 4 m x 4 m for mandarin and 3.5 m x 3.0 m for sweet orange. Recommended dose of fertilizers were applied. Irrigation drippers were adjusted at 4 m spacing in the 5 mm exterior diameter micro tubes. In case of drip systems, each plant had two drippers. The average discharges of the drippers were 0.32 lits/min. The treatments were:

T₁ = Rain fed

T₂ = Irrigation applied at 10 days interval by ring basin method

T₃ = Irrigation applied at 15 days interval by ring basin method

T₄ = Irrigation applied through drip system at 3 days interval

Measured amount of water was applied to each plant at several intervals to maintain the soil moisture content in the root zone up to field capacity. First flowering was observed on 2 March 2013 for orange and 21 January 2013 for sweet orange. Fruits were harvested on 1-5 November 2013 for orange and 17-25 October 2013 for sweet orange. Three plants were selected randomly in each treatment for collection of data on physiological growth, yield components and yield.

Source of Information: Annual Research Report, IWM Division, BARI -2013- 2014

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The irrigation application was initiated in December 2012. After 6 months, the growth of plants, fruit bearing, and number of fruits/plants as affected by irrigation were observed. The physiological growth of the trees is being occurred satisfactory. At present stage, the growth of irrigated mandarin and sweet orange plants showed more vigorous than non-irrigated plants. In mandarin, different irrigation methods did not show any significant effect on base girth and plant height in both the years. In case of canopy spreading, east-west direction showed significant effect due to irrigation but north-south direction did not show any significant effect due to irrigation. The highest canopy spreading (east-west) was found in treatment T₄ in 2012-13 and in treatment T₃ in 2013-14. In both the years, T₃and T₄ were identical. The lowest canopy spreading both for east-west and north-south direction was noted in treatment T₁in both the years. Irrigation had no significant effect on number of fruits/plant, fruit height, fruit breadth and fruits/ha. The highest values of the above parameters were found in treatment T₄. The highest fruit weight was observed in treatment T₄and the highest yield (756 kg/ha) was also noted in treatment T₄. In sweet orange, the effect of different irrigation methods did not show any significant effect on base girth, canopy spreading during 2012-13 and 2013-14. Only the plant height in 2013-14 showed significant effect due to irrigation. The highest plant height was found in T₄ and the lowest plant height was noted in treatment T₁. Irrigation had no significant effect on number of fruits/plant, fruit height, and fruit breadth though the highest values of the above parameters were found in treatment T₄. The highest fruits (47685/ha) and yield (4721 kg/ha) for sweet orange were observed in treatment T₄ and the lowest value (795 kg/ha) in treatment T₁. The above results indicated that irrigation had considerable effect on physiological parameters; yield contributes and yield of orange and sweet orange. For both the fruits, the plants are now at fruit bearing stages. The fruits are expected to be harvest during coming September-October, 2014.

This study showed that the mandarin and sweet orange can be grown better under drip irrigation system. Drip irrigation treatments produced higher irrigation water productivity (3.40 kg/m³ and 5.29 kg/m³) with minimum value in comparison to that of ring basin irrigation (1.66 kg/m³ and 2.28 kg/m³). The BCR was also higher in treatment T₄.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings