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Effects of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Crops in the Radish-stem Amaranth-indian Spinach Cropping Pattern in Homestead Area

M.M. Islam
Dept.of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

A.J.M.S. Karim
Dept. of Soil Science, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 3 Dept. of Soil Science, BAU, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

M. Jahiruddin
Dept. of Soil Science, BAU, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Nik M. Majid
Dept.of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

M.G. Miah
Dept. of Agroforestry and Enviroment, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

M. Mustaque Ahmed
Training and Communication Expert, NATP, DAE, Kharmarbari, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M.A. Hakim
ITA, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on vegetable crops and soil properties in the radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach cropping pattern was studied in a homestead area of Gazipur district in Bangladesh. There were eight treatments - poultry manure (PM) 5 t ha^-1 (T₁), cowdung (CD) 10 t ha^-1(T₂), household waste (HW) 10 t ha^-1 (T₃), PM 2.5 t ha^-1 + reduced RDF (recommended dose of fertilizer) (T₄), CD 5 t ha^-1 + reduced RDF (T₅), HW 5 t ha^-1 + reduced RDF (T₆), 100% RDF (T₇) and Control (T₈). The 100% RDF treatment (T₇) gave the highest radish yield, however identical yield was obtained with T₅ and T₆ treatments. The maximum yield of stem amaranth and Indian spinach was obtained with T₄ and T₆ treatments, respectively. The highest N, P, K and S uptake was found in T₇for radish, T₄ for stem amaranth and T₆ for Indian spinach. Soil bulk density and organic carbon were improved due to application of organic manure. The highest nutrient availability was recorded with T₄ treatment that was followed by T6. Among the treatments, the poultry manure 2.5 t ha^-1 + reduced dose of recommended fertilizer and house hold waste 5 t ha^-1 + reduced dose of recommended fertilizer were found suitable for achieving sustainable vegetable crop yield as well as for susteanace of soil health at homestead area.

Keywords: Nutrient management, Vegetable production, Soil fertility, Homestead garden

Location: Homestead area of Gazipur district in Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-11-2007

End Date: 00-07-2009

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Amaranth, Radish, Spinach

Objectives:

The present study was undertaken to develop a suitable fertilizer package in combination with organic manure and chemical fertilizers for sustainable homestead gardening in the radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach cropping pattern.

Methodology:

Experimental site and soil characteristics - The experiment was conducted on farmers homesteads at Toratpara village of Dhirrashram union under Gazipur district of Bangladesh during the period from November 2007 to July 2009. The experimental site was located in the centre of the Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28) at about 24⁰23´ north latitude and 90⁰08´ east longitude having a mean elevation of 8.4m above mean sea level and about 34 km north of Dhaka city. The experimental field was a high land having silty clay soil. The soil was slightly acidic (pH 6.4) and low in organic matter (0.87%), total N (0.09%) and exchangeable K (0.13 c mol kg^-1). The soil S content was at par with critical level, while P and Zn contents were above the critical level (Critical levels of P, S and Zn were 14, 14 and 0.2 mg kg^-1, respectively and that of K was 0.2 c mol kg^-1). Poultry manure contained 0.99% N, 1.10% P, 1.1% K and 0.5% S; cowdung had 0.55% N, 0.80% P, 0.56% K and 0.12%S and the nutrient composition of household waste was 0.65% N, 0.70% P, 0.85 % K and 0.15% S. Treatment details and fertilizer application - There were eight treatments. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four dispersed replications. Urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP) and gypsum were used as sources of N, P, K and S, respectively. Full amount of P, K, S, CD, HW and PM were applied as per treatments at the time of final land preparation. The one-third N for radish, one-half N for stem amaranth and one-half N and K for Indian spinach were applied during final land preparation and the remaining N was applied in equal splits for radish at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), for stem amaranth at 10 and 25 DAS and for Indian spinach the remaining N and K were supplied at 10 and 25 DAP (days after planting). Planting / sowing and harvesting - The vegetable crops of the pattern radish (Raphanus sativus L.) (November-January) - stem amaranth (Amaranthus dubius) ( February-April) - Indian spinach (Basella alba) (May-July) was grown in the plots in succession. The unit plot size was 2.3m x 1.3m and the experimental plots were kept fixed during the entire period of the experiment. Seeds of first crop radish (cv. Tashakisan) were sown with a spacing of 45cm x 30cm on 5 and 7 November of 2007 and 2008, respectively. After harvest of radish, stem amaranth (cv. Red tower) seeds were sown on 25 and 20 February of 2008 and 2009, respectively. After harvest of the second crop, the seedlings of the third crop (Indian spinach, cv. Jessore local) were transplanted maintaining a 40cm x 30cm spacing on 15 and 10 May of 2008 and 2009, respectively. The experimental plots were kept fixed over the years. All intercultural operations such as weeding, mulching, irrigation and pest management were done as and when required. The crops were harvested at the right stage of growth depending on the nature of the crop. Radish was harvested from 29 December 2007 to 5 January 2008 in the first year and 2 January to 6 January 2009 in the second year. Stem amaranth was harvested from 20 to 26 March in 2008 and 24 to 28 March in 2009. The edible part of Indian spinach was harvested from 4 June to 9 July in 2008 and 8 June to 12 July 2009, respectively. Plant and soil sampling and chemical analysis - Different parts of plant sample and soil were collected, dried and ground for chemical analysis. Bulk density was determined by core sampler Method. Soil pH was determined by using glass electrode pH meter and organic carbon by wet oxidation method. Total N content of soil determined by Kjeldahl method, available P by ascorbic acid and blue color method, exchangeable K by flame photometer (Gallenkamp) and available S by turbidimetric method. Concentrated HNO₃ was used for digestion of plant samples. Total P concentration was determined by Vanadomolybdate yellow color method, K concentration by flame atomic absortion spectrophotometer and S concentration by Bardsley and Lancaster method, respectively. Statistical analysis - The analysis of variance for various crop characters and nutrient uptake by plant were done following the ANOVA test and the mean values were adjudged by DMRT (P=0.05). Computation and preparation of graphs were done following the Microsoft EXCEL 2003 program.

Source of Information: AJCS 5(11):1370-1378 (2011); ISSN:1835-2707

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Application of organic manure in combination with reduced rate of chemical fertilizers had significant effect on the yield parameters and yield of vegetable crops in the radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach pattern. The maximum radish yield was recorded with 100% RDF treatment (T₇) which was identical with the yield obtained with T₅ and T₆. The T₄ performed the highest stem amaranth yield and the maximum Indian spinach yield was noted in T₆ treatment. The N, P, K and S uptake by the vegetable crops increased significantly due to combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. The highest N, P, K and S uptake by radish was observed in T₇ treatment, while T₄ and T₆ showed the maximum nutrient uptake by stem amaranth and Indian spinach, respectively. Soil properties have been improved by the incorporation of organic manure with the record of the lowest bulk density in both T₁ and T₃ treatments. The highest amount of organic carbon (1.0%) was found in T₂ treatment. The maximum availability of N, P, K and S in soil was found in T₄ treatment. So, the two treatments poultry manure 2.5 t ha^-1+ reduced dose of recommended fertilizer and household waste 5 tha^-1 + reduced dose of recommended fertilizers can ensure satisfactory vegetable crop cultivation without affecting soil health at homestead area.

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